Archive for 2019
कृपया samedio yadhav यादवद्वारा check गरिने हुँदा यस पुस्तकमा भएका सबै कुराहरु नसार्नु होला। यसमा भएका language portion आफै मिलाएर लेख्नुहोला । यदि यसमा भएको सबै कुरा सार्नुभयो भने तपाइको पनि जिरो मेरो पनि जिरो आउने हुनाले नसार्नु होला। यो केवल तपाईं मलाई सजिलो बनाउनको लागि लेखिएको हो।
- Q.1) list out valid and invalid identifiers? Explain the rules for constructing an identifier?
ANS:
- Three valid identifiers are:_My_name ,Name_23, a1_c3
- Three invalid identifiers are:My-Name-2-3,a1_c3
Identifiers name given to identify something. Dear as some rule for naming identifiers:
1. The first characters of the identifier must be letter of alphabet on underscore.
2. The rest of the identifier name can consist of letters, underscore or digits.
3. Identifier names are case sensitive
Q.2) what is an operator?Explain the automatic rational and assignment of operations in c.
ANS: An operator is a symbol that the tells the compiler to perform certain mathematical or logical manipulation.Operators used in program to manipulate data and variable.
* The arithmetic operators of the c programming operators which are used to perform automatic operations include operators like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus. All these automatic operators in c are binary operators which means they operate and two operands.
*) Relational operators are used to find the relation between two variables i.e to compare the value of two variables in c program. Relational operators are binary operators because they require two operands to operate. If the relation is true the result of the rational expression is 1,if the relation is false the result of the rational expression is 0.greater than(>), greater than or equal to (>=), small then(<), greater then(>), not equal to (!=) are relational operators.
*) Assignment operators are used to assigning value to a variable. The light of operand of the assignment operator is a variable and rightside operand of the assignment operators is value. The value of the rightside must be of the same data type of the variable on the left side otherwise compiler will raise error. Equal to (=),"+=","-=" "*=" are assignment operators.
Q.3) Explain enumerated data type suitable program.
Ans: Enumerated data type is user defined data type use in c programming to map a set of name to numeric values.Enumerated data type variable can only have value that previously declared. In order word they work with a finite list of value.Enumerated data types make the code more self-documenting and prevent programmers from writing illogical code on a value of enumerateors.Enumerated data type also hide unnecessary details from programmers.
Assignment operators is is used to assign value to an variable. Assignment operators is denoted by equal to sign. Different ways of using assignment operators.
1. Assignment operator used to assign value:
int main()
{
int value
Value=65
return (0);
}
In the above example we have assigned
2. Assignment operator used to type cast.
int value
value=55.450
printf("%d",value);
Assignment operators can type cast higher value to lower value.It can also lower values to higher values.
3. Assignment operators in if statement:
if (value=10)
printf("true");
else
printf("false");
Above program will always execute true condition because assignment operators is used inside if statement not comparison operators.
Q.5) difference between key words and identifier with suitable program.
Ans:
1)Keywords are the reserved word of a language. Where as identifier user defined name of variable, function and labels.
2) keyboard only consider letter where is identifier consider letter,underscore ,digits.
3) keyword only use lowercase where is identifier used lowercase as well as uppercase.
Q.6) Define symbolic constant. Write a c program to find area and perimeter of circle.
Ans: symbolic constant that substitute for a sequence of characters that can't be changed. The character may represent a numeric constant, spring constant, character constant
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int rad;
float PI=3.14,area,ci;
printf("\nEnter radius of circle: "); scanf("%d",&rad);
area = PI * rad * rad;
printf("\nArea of circle : %f ",area);
ci =2*PI* rad;
printf("\nCircumference : %f ",ci); return(0);
}
Q.7) The price of 1 kg of potato is Rs 16.75 in 1 kg onion is 15. Write a c program get this value from the user and display the sum of prices
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
Float potato, onion, sum;
printf("Enter price of 1 kg potato and onion :");
scanf("%f%f",& potato,&onion);
Sum=potato +onion;
printf("Sum of price of 1 kg onion and potato =%f",sum);
getch();
}
Q.8) what are formatted and unformatted input/output function. Differentiation between putchar() and puts() with example.
Ans: Formatted console input /output function are used to one or more input from user it console and it also allows us to display one or multiple values in the user at the console.
Unformatted console input/output functions are used to read a single input from the user at console and it allows us to display the value in the output to the user at the console.
Different between:
Q.9)What are formatted and unformatted input function.
Ans:Formatted input refers to an input data that has been arranged in a particular format.
Unformatted input function used to read the input from the keyboard by the user accessing the console. This input value could be of any primitive data type or an error type.
Q.10)what are formated and unformated output function? Write the difference between gets() and getchar() with example.
Ans: Formatted output function are used to display a store datatype in a particular specified format.
Unformated output function:Unformate output function used to display the output to the user at the console. These output values could be of only primitive data type or on an array type.
ANS: An operator is a symbol that the tells the compiler to perform certain mathematical or logical manipulation.Operators used in program to manipulate data and variable.
* The arithmetic operators of the c programming operators which are used to perform automatic operations include operators like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus. All these automatic operators in c are binary operators which means they operate and two operands.
*) Relational operators are used to find the relation between two variables i.e to compare the value of two variables in c program. Relational operators are binary operators because they require two operands to operate. If the relation is true the result of the rational expression is 1,if the relation is false the result of the rational expression is 0.greater than(>), greater than or equal to (>=), small then(<), greater then(>), not equal to (!=) are relational operators.
*) Assignment operators are used to assigning value to a variable. The light of operand of the assignment operator is a variable and rightside operand of the assignment operators is value. The value of the rightside must be of the same data type of the variable on the left side otherwise compiler will raise error. Equal to (=),"+=","-=" "*=" are assignment operators.
Q.3) Explain enumerated data type suitable program.
Ans: Enumerated data type is user defined data type use in c programming to map a set of name to numeric values.Enumerated data type variable can only have value that previously declared. In order word they work with a finite list of value.Enumerated data types make the code more self-documenting and prevent programmers from writing illogical code on a value of enumerateors.Enumerated data type also hide unnecessary details from programmers.
#include<stdio.h> enum week{Mon, Tue, Wed, Thur, Fri, Sat, Sun}; int main() { enum week day; day = Wed; printf("%d",day); return 0;} Q.4) list of variable operators available in c language. How to to use assignment operator in c program? Clarify example. Ans: variable operators available in c language: 1. C arithmetic operators 2. C increment and decrement operators 3. C assignment operator 4. C rational operators 5. C logical operators 6. C bitwise operators |
1. Assignment operator used to assign value:
int main()
{
int value
Value=65
return (0);
}
In the above example we have assigned
2. Assignment operator used to type cast.
int value
value=55.450
printf("%d",value);
Assignment operators can type cast higher value to lower value.It can also lower values to higher values.
3. Assignment operators in if statement:
if (value=10)
printf("true");
else
printf("false");
Above program will always execute true condition because assignment operators is used inside if statement not comparison operators.
Q.5) difference between key words and identifier with suitable program.
Ans:
1)Keywords are the reserved word of a language. Where as identifier user defined name of variable, function and labels.
2) keyboard only consider letter where is identifier consider letter,underscore ,digits.
3) keyword only use lowercase where is identifier used lowercase as well as uppercase.
Q.6) Define symbolic constant. Write a c program to find area and perimeter of circle.
Ans: symbolic constant that substitute for a sequence of characters that can't be changed. The character may represent a numeric constant, spring constant, character constant
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int rad;
float PI=3.14,area,ci;
printf("\nEnter radius of circle: "); scanf("%d",&rad);
area = PI * rad * rad;
printf("\nArea of circle : %f ",area);
ci =2*PI* rad;
printf("\nCircumference : %f ",ci); return(0);
}
Q.7) The price of 1 kg of potato is Rs 16.75 in 1 kg onion is 15. Write a c program get this value from the user and display the sum of prices
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
Float potato, onion, sum;
printf("Enter price of 1 kg potato and onion :");
scanf("%f%f",& potato,&onion);
Sum=potato +onion;
printf("Sum of price of 1 kg onion and potato =%f",sum);
getch();
}
Q.8) what are formatted and unformatted input/output function. Differentiation between putchar() and puts() with example.
Ans: Formatted console input /output function are used to one or more input from user it console and it also allows us to display one or multiple values in the user at the console.
Unformatted console input/output functions are used to read a single input from the user at console and it allows us to display the value in the output to the user at the console.
Different between:
Putchar() | Puts() |
putchar()are single character function | Puts()are string function i8s |
putchar() prints a character to the screen. | puts() write s a string on the screen and advance the course to the newline |
Example:putchar(b); | Example:put("one") |
Ans:Formatted input refers to an input data that has been arranged in a particular format.
Unformatted input function used to read the input from the keyboard by the user accessing the console. This input value could be of any primitive data type or an error type.
Q.10)what are formated and unformated output function? Write the difference between gets() and getchar() with example.
Ans: Formatted output function are used to display a store datatype in a particular specified format.
Unformated output function:Unformate output function used to display the output to the user at the console. These output values could be of only primitive data type or on an array type.
gets() | getchar() |
1. gets() read stdin until an end of line or end of file is reached. | 1.getchar() read a single character from stdin. |
2. The gets() function reads a string from through keyboard and stores it in character array. | 2.The getchar() function read the input fom the user and display back to user. |
3.char*gets(char*str) | 3.int getch(void); |
Q.11) WAP to calculate prime number till 100.
#include<stdio.h>
Int main()
{
Int i ,Number,count;
Printf(“prime No from 1 to 100 are :\n”);
For(Number=1; Number<==100,Number++)
Count=0;for(i=2; i<==Number/2;i++)
{
If(Number%i==0)
{
Count++;
Break;
}
}
If count==0 &&Number!=1)
{
Printf(“%d”,Number);
}
}
Return 0;
}
multiplication table of 6
ANS:
While | Do while |
1.while is a entire control loop. | 1. Do while loop is a exit control loop. |
2.In while loop condition is checked before entering to the loop. | 2. In the do while loop condition is tasted at the end of the loop. |
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n,I;
int n,I;
printf(“Enter an integer : ”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
For(i=1;I<==10;++i)
{
printf(“%d*%d=%d\n”,n,I,n*i)
}
return o;
}
Q.13)What the major difference are between continue and break statement? Write a c program to print all odd number from 5 to 50.
Ans:
Continue statement | Break statement |
1. Continue statement cause the next iteration of the enclosing for, while or do loop to begain. | 1. Break statement cause the innermost enclosing loop or switch to be exited immediately. |
2.A break statement can apper in boths with and loop statement. | 2.A continuous statement only appear in loop statement. 8 |
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, n;
printf("All odd numbers from 5 to 50 %d are: \n", n)
/* Start loop from 5 and increment it by 1 */
for(i=5; i<=50; i++)
{
/* If 'i' is odd then print it*/
if(i%2!=0)
{
printf("%d\n", i);
}
}
return 0;
}
Q.14)Expain the following with syntax and suitable program.
1: If Else statement:
If Else statement is an extension of simple if statement. It is use when there are only two possible actions.One happen when a test condition is true and the other when it is false.
syntax | Example: |
If(test_expression) { True_block statement (s); } Else { False-block statement (s); } | char ch; ch=getch(); If ch==’m’ printf(“\n you are male”); else printf(“\n you are female”); |
2. Nested if statement:
When one if statement is written with in body of another if statement, it is called nested if statement. The several statement shall be declared as nested if statement.
syntax | Example |
If (expression) { If(expression) { //body } } | char chl ; Int age=20; chl=getch (); If (chl)==’m’; { If(age>13) printf(“\n Arun panthi is an young man”,); } |
Q.15)Explain the following with syntax and suitable program
1. for loop:
For loop allowed to execute block of statement for a number of times.When the number of revtitation is known in advance ,the user of this loop will be more effective .Thus this loop is also known as a determinant or define loop.
Syntax | Example |
For(initialization; condition parameter) { Statement-block; } | #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> Int main() { Int i; For(i=1;i <==10;i++ { Printf(%d”,i); } getch(); } |
2. Do while loop:
- Its exit control loop.
-In the do while condition is teasted at the end of the loop.
-In the do while condition is teasted at the end of the loop.
- The do while loop will execute at least on time even if the condition is false initially.
- The do while loop executes untill the condition becomes false.
syntax | Example | |
Do{ Statement/s; } While(condition); | Int main() { Int i=1; Do{ While( i<==5); getch(); } | |
Q.16) write a program to determine the weather the given program is even or odd
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int n;
printf(“Enter a number”);
Scanf(%d”,&n);
If(n%2==0)
printf(“\n\t Number is even”);
Else
printf(“\n\t Number is odd”);
getch();
}
Q.17) Explain the following statement with suitable example.
1. Expression Statement:
Expression statement represent a single data item. The expression may consist of a single entity such as a constant or Variable, or it may consist of some combination of such entitles, interconnected by one or more operations. Example: c=a+b;
2. Compound statement:
Compound statement are typically appears as the body of another statement, such as the if statement. Declarations and types describes the form and meaning of the declaration that can appear at the head of a compound statement.
Q.18)Define Variable .How to declare and initialization a variables? Explain with syntax and suitable program.
Ans:
A variable is a symbolic name which is used to store data item i.e. a numeric quantity or a character constant.
A variable is a symbolic name which is used to store data item i.e. a numeric quantity or a character constant.
All the variable that is use in a program must be declared. Declaration of variable does the things:
1.It tells the compiler what the variable name is.
2.It specifies what type of data the variable will held.
2.It specifies what type of data the variable will held.
Some valid declaration are
·
Inta,b,c;
Inta,b,c;
Char,c,ch;
·
Double d ;
Double d ;
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
Int
a,b,sum;
a,b,sum;
//variable declaration
a=30;
b=20;
sum=a+b;
printf(“sum is=%d”,sum);
getch();
}
Variable declaration can be assigned or initialized using assignment operator”=” .The declaration and initialization can be done in a same line.
Syntax : Variable_name=constant |
#include<stdio.h>
Void main()
{
Int r=2;
float area;
area=3.14*r*r;
printf(“Area of a circle is =%f”,area);
}
Assignment of computer
Value of Water in Life
Water is one of the things we need most besides air. Thank God water is plenty because three-fourths of earth's surface is covered with water. This is only a general fact and not all places on earth are having enough water Healthy potable water is a rare commodity. Rivers may bring water and lakes may be a rare commodity. Rivers may bring water and lakes may be having it. From a health viewpoint, they may not be fit for drinking. Most of these waters are contaminated and may contain mineral as well as organic Impurities. Sometimes epidemic spreading bacteria like those causing cholera and typhoid victimize us. Nowadays the chances of contamination of water sources are quite common with industries coming up and sending out their effluents indiscriminately. So to make these waters portable, they must be treated before being supplied to the public.
Treating water and supplying it to a town or city adds cost. The water has to
be filtered for suspended impurities and then chlorinated and then pumped to a
storage tank from where the water is distributed through pipes. So, one must
remember that when one draws water from the tap, one is actuallý buying or
paying for water. This has become inevitable with the growth of cities and
towns.
We should bear in mind that we are careful about using water or not. There are
many ways in which water is wasted. The tap may be leaky whereby water may be
spilled. That means some periodic attention must be paid to the plumbing and
leaky taps. The tap may be open and the water running out and nobody would care
to stop it. Unless there is a need, the tap must be kept closed. This must be
particularly remembered when one leaves home on holiday. Otherwise,
throughout their absence, water may be flowing out. Just as we see if the
electric mains are off so when we are away for some time so too is the water
tap.
A major part of the water is used for bathing, washing, and cleaning. In all
these needs, water must be prudently used. Take bathing, for instance, when one
is scrubbing or applying one's body, the shower need not be running.
The water economy must be remembered in the use of bathtubs. One need not be a
Rhino to be in one's bath for hours to end. This prudence in the use of water
may be practiced in washing and cleaning. Since these consume a lot of water.
If the municipal corporation is affluent and water is in plenty, a separate
system supplying water for washing and cleaning alone can be manageable. The industrial
houses must not be allowed to draw from the public water
system for their industrial use except for drinking water. One must bear in
mind when one wastes water, one is depriving another of his share of water.
Good water may get scarcer in days to come. With the advent of rapid
industrialization, contamination of water sources poses a threat. So, the
industrial people must feel that it is their duty not to add to water
pollution. In areas of acute water, scarcity steps may be taken for recycling
water. We should remember that one of the casualties of the so-called
modernization is that
we have to pay for nature's goods like water. We
should consider our welfare in the welfare of others.
Essay on value of water in life
1)A simple harmonic wave of amplitude 8 units traverses a line of particles in the direction of the positive x-axis. At any given instant of time, for a particle at a distance of 10 cm from the origin, the displacement is 6 units, and for o particle at a distance of 25cm from the origin, the displacement is 4 units calculate the wavelength.
Ans:
2) Define wave Does the particles of the medium travel from one place to another place while propagation of wave? Explain with example. What ore the types of wave explains with their properties?
Ans:
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Assignment of physics
Market analysis of paint on surkhet valley |
MID-WESTERN UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Engineering
Central campus of Engineering, MUW
Birendranagar, Surkhet
Market Analysis of Paints on Surkhet valley
Submitted by: Submitted to:
Group
Er.Uttam Neupane
Group
Er.Uttam Neupane
Arun panthi Er.Prakash Regmi
- Date: 2076/09/04
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our HOD of civil faculty “Er.Uttam Neupane” to organize a market analysis program in construction material and we would like to give special thanks to subject teacher Prakash Regmi. For proper guidance in this project and also very grateful to Er.Govinda Khatri for motivating us and as a whole we would like to thank a M.W.U.
In the next accent, we are very delighted with the behavior of the shopkeeper of Surkhet Valley related to the paint business for co-operating with us in our report
- Ambika Traders, Birendranagar-6-Surkhet
- Maa Durga Traders,Jumla road,Surkhet
- Surkhet Trade and Suppliers, Jumla road,Surkhet
- Bhaguwati Stores ,Jumla road,Surkhet
Civil Engineering Faculty
Group A (paints Group)
Content
Introduction
- Background of Report :
Being a student of Civil Engineering Faculty of 1st semester (2076) we are very urged to know about the different construction material. So we accepted the proposal of collage to make a survey in some particular construction material where we chose paint. After gating approval letter from the collage, we went for our survey in Surkhet valley. There we visited different paints store and ask few question regarding the paints with shopkeepers.
- Background of the paints :
Paint is a liquid or mastic material that can be applied to surfaces to colour, protect and provide texture. They are usually stored as a liquid and dry into a thin film after application. Paints be categorised decorative, are applied on site, or industrial, applied in factories as part of the manufacturing process. Some of the attributes normally required from a paint include:
- Abrasion and scratch resistance.
- Capable of easy application.
- Capable of forming a continuous protective film.
- Colour stability against visible and ultraviolet radiation.
- Corrosion resistance.
- Durability
- Flexibility.
- Good flow out of application marks (e.g. brush-marking).
- High opacity.
- Quick drying.
- Water and heat resistance.
Paints can be applied with a brush or roller, or by dipping, flowcoating, spraying, hot spraying, electrostatic spraying, airless spraying, electrodeposition, powder cating, vacuum impregnation, immersion, and so on. Paints may be manufactured using pigments, binders, extenders, solvents and additives. The pigments provide the paint with its colour and opacity. Pigments can be made of either organic or inorganic derivatives. The pigment powder is broken down into individual particles which are coated by and dispersed in a binder (resin), in a process known as 'wetting out'.
- Objectives :
Different kinds of paints that are used in the painting of house and other building .Different types of paint are available in market like Asian paint, Jasmin paint, Berger paints, Nicrolac paints etc. The main purpose of this survey is to get information about what kinds of paints are used by the people of Surkhet valley for the painting of house. And to get information about the best session in which local people buy paints more. From this Survey we know about the following things:
- Cost of paints
- Manufacture Date
- Expiry Date
- Process of manufacturing
- Name of the companies that manufacture diffient types of paints
- How can we use the paint?
- What types of skill manpower is required to paint the House? and so on.
- Methodology:
From the day we get approval letter for the survey. We were very excited to know about the topic we had that ‘paint’ in which we hadn’t much sufficient information.so we collect different information from the subject teacher, different Medias such as Google, Magazines of paint and seniors and also co-operating with each other and other resources. We ask several question to shopkeeper regarding the paints by oral.
- Scope and Significant :
A cement paint consist of cement and hydrated lime mixed along with a colouring pigment .Cement paint consist of 60 to 75% white cement ; 10 to 20%hydreated lime ; 4 to 5% hygroscopic salts(calcium or sodium chloride ) 2 to 5% white pigment(titanium dioxide or zinc sulphide) .An inert filler id often added to make the paint economical. Cement paints are available in powder form and require mixing only in water before use. In order to prepare this type of paints. In order to prepare this type of paints, the cement is first intermately mixed with white and colouring pigments. The other ingredients are added by thoroughly stirring in a suitable container.
Significant of paints are following:
- Can be applied with a brush or sprayer.
- Can be applied over new and damp wall
- Impart pleasing appearance to the structure.
- They can also be washed
- They are suitable for painting fresh plaster having high alkalinity.
- They provide a smooth mat finish without any brush mark.
Use: cement paints are now being commonly uses as a lasting finish on outer surfaces of wall and ceiling in residential as well as in public buildings etc.
- Questionaries :
We all ask several question to the shopkeeper. Regarding paint .Some of the questions are listed below:
- Which is the best paint in your shop?
- Why local people prefer that paint more rather than other?
- What is the chemical composition of that paint?
- What kind of man power in require to paint the house?
- In which season local people buy paint more and why?
- What process should be done while painting wall and building?
- What is the Manufacture and Expired date of paints and cost?
- Does it have guaranty or Not. If have for how many years?
- Condition to store paint in a store room.
- Which company manufacture it? Where is that factory? Who is the dealer of this paint? And so on……
- OBSERVATION:
From this survey we have observe many things.
Asian paint is more use because it is long lasting, coverage and found of 18000 different colour code. Hetuda –factory multinational company is the dealer of Asian paint in Surkhet valley. Asian need simple education about painting to paint the wall and ceiling. It can be store in a normal place. So local people prefer Asian paint more than other paint in this shop.
People of Surkhet valley use Sarwottam paint rather than other paints. It is more stable, cheaper, weather coat, and its warranty is better than other. This paint don’t have any harmful effect. Normal person can paint easily.Dashain tihar festival season is the best session in which local people buy paints from this shop than other season.
From this survey we found that people of the Surkhet valley mostly use Asian paint, Jasmin paint and Sarwottam paint more than other because these paint manufacturing factories give more warranty than other and these paints can be painted by normal people. These factory provide some special offer to the user like giving 10-15% cash back on using certain amount of paint. Some company paint the Building of 4-5 house of shopkeeper on selling certain amount of packet of paints.
- Finding and conclusion:
From this Market analysis program (survey) we come to know more details about the paint. Paint is not only use in decoration purpose it is also use for coating of wall which don’t give water to enter to the wall .Paint is used to protect all sorts of buildings and structures from the effects of water and sun. Wooden buildings such as houses are usually painted because a coat of paint prevents water seeping into the wood and making it rot. The paint also helps to prevent the wood from drying out in the hot sun.
Metal structures and objects of all sorts are painted to stop them from rusting. A very large steel structure such as a bridge must have a team of painters who keep the paint in good condition all the time. Can be applied with a brush or sprayer. Paint can be applied over new and damp wall .It Impart pleasing appearance to the structure. Paint can also be washed .Cement paint are suitable for painting fresh plaster having high alkalinity. Paint provide a smooth mat finish without any brush mark.
- Appendix :
THANK YOU.
Market analysis of paint on surkhet valley
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