Meaning into words class 12 Note(student book)

Posted by : Arun panthi Thursday, November 21, 2019

Unit: 1

1.2LISTING EXPERIENCE AND ACHIEVEMENTS

1. SHE HAS HAD AN AMAZINGLY SUCCESSFUL FILM CAREER..
-SHE HAD WON15 0SCARS.
-SHE APPEARED WITH RICHARD BURTONIN THE FILM LAS VEGAS.

2.THE COMPANY HAS HAD ONE OF THE WORST YEARS IN ITS HISTORY...
-THE COMPANY HAS BEENBANKRUPT.
-THE COMPANY ENDED IN FAILURE.

3.THE ESCAPED PRISONER HAS AN IMPRESSIVE CRIMINAL RECORD...
-THE ESCAPED PRISIONER HAS MURDERED THE MEMBER OF THE PARLIAMENT.
-'THE ESCAPED PRISIONER KILLED HIS OWNWIFE.

4.THE COLONELHAS HADA REMARKABLY ADVENTURES LIFE..
-THE COLONEL HAS OWN 10 MEDALS.
-THE COLONEL APPEARED AS PEACE-KEEPER IN THE COUNTRY.

5. JULES CAREER AS AN ANTHROPOLOGIST HAS TAKENHIM ALL OVER.
-THE WORLD AND INTO THE MOST EXTRAORDINARY SITUATIONS.
-JULES HAS STUDIED THERACIAL DISCRIMINATION OF THE WORLD.
-JULES WROTE 25 BOOKS ONHUMAN RACE.

Work in group have similar conversation like this:
1.They fine me for parking offence last week.
A:They fine me for parking offence last week.Have you ever fined for parking offence?
B:No,i haven't. But i havebeen fined for speeding.They finded me Rs1000.

2.They printed my picture in the newspaper once.
A:They had printed my picture in the newspaper once. They did it when I become the collage topper. HAVE you ever had your picture printed in the newspaper?
B:No i haven't but I have it printed in the school magazine. THEY published my photo along with the article.

3.some body punched me on the nose this morning.
A: some body punched me on the nose this morning. A man did it when my car hit him.Have you ever punched on the nose?
B:No i haven't but i have been scolded by a lady .she become very angery when i dashed against her.

4.The customs men search my luggage last time I come back from abroad.
A:The customs men search my luggage last time I come back from abroad.I had to remain in the border for two hours.Have you ever had your luggage searched?
B:Yes i have had my suitcase searched several times.

5.Someone broke into my house two weeks ago.

A:Someone broke into my house two weeks ago.He stole my tv set.Have you ever had your house broken into?

B:No i haven't,but i have had my purse stolen while i was going to collage

1.6. New Experience

Q. Continue the remarks below in three different ways as in the following
example:
Example: I can’t get to sleep…
a) This is the ﬁrst time I have ever slept in a tent.
b) I have never ﬂown at night before.
c) I’m not used to having siestas.

Exercise: 1. My feet are killing me.
a) This is the ﬁrst time I have ever walked such a long distance.
b) I have never climbed hill before.
c) I am not used to walking on sand.

2. God, this is embarrassing…
a) This is the ﬁrst time I ha ve ever called for a speech.
b) I have never failed in my exam before.
c) I am not used to talking with the foreigners.

3. Do you think you could slow down a little?...
a) This is the ﬁrst time I have ever felt giddy in a car.
b) I have never travelled in such a high speed car before.
c) I am not used to traveling on motorbike at night.

4. She is feeling terribly nervous….
a) This is the ﬁrst time she has ever failed in exam.
b) She has never scolded by her father before.
c) She is not used to dancing on the stage.

5. Hold my hand, will you?...
a) This is the ﬁrst time I have ever climbed the hill.
b) I have never crossed the river before.
c) I am not used to crossing such busy road.

6. He is absolutely delighted…
a) This is the ﬁrst time he has ever got distinction in the exam.
b)He has never got ﬁrst prize before.
c) He is not used to getting highest mark in his class.

7. I hope they get there all right…
a) This is the ﬁrst time they have visited Pokhara.
b) They have never reached at Jomsom before.
c) They are not used to climbing mountain.

Writing (page 7)

Q. Write a letter of application for the post of a teacher in a school including the following things about you: Name, age, occupation, educational qualiﬁcation, relevant experience Tamgahs-8-Gumli
Resunga municipality Date:2075/08/05
The Principal,
Shiddhaba Higher secondary School,
Tamgash gulmi

Subject: for the post of a teacher.
Sir,
With due respect, I’d like to apply for the post of a teacher With reference to your advertisement published in 'The Kathmandu Post, yesterday. I wish to apply for the post of a teacher in your school. As a successful candidate, I’d like to apply for the post.
I am a young and energetic man of the age of 20.I have passed S.L.C from NA high school in ﬁrst division and higher secondary level from Stanford College in second division. I have worked as a teacher Brilliant united Academy for two years. I am good in English. I have done diploma in computer application from Intel Computer Institute. I think my qualiﬁcation and experience will be appropriate for the post. If I will be selected for the post, I will do my best. I would perform my duty honestly. I have attached my CV and documents with this letter. Hoping for a favourable reply.

Yours faithful
Name:Arun panthi

Composition (page 9)

Q.You are now living in one of the ﬂat you visited. Write a letter to a friend, describing what it is like living there, and what the people there are like. Campus road
Tamgash gulmi Date: 2075/08/05
Dear Saroj,
I got your letter yesterday and I became extremely happy knowing about your new ﬂat. Now I am going to write you about my new ﬂat.
As you know that I am away from my house for my study. I am living in a new ﬂat here inTamgahs. This is the ﬁrst time I have ever left my house. I am living here alone in my room. In the beginning I felt home sickness, but now I don’t feel so. I am happily living here. My room is in a second ﬂat of new house. My room is very good for my study as it if quiet and it is very bright. All the people in my ﬂat are college students. They are very helpful and cooperative. They always help me in difﬁculties and they always ask me if I have any problem.
If you have free time, you can come to my ﬂat to stay for some days. I hope I will get your reply soon.
Yours best friend
Arun panthi

Unit: 2

he/she/ it = looks
I/we/you/they = looks

2.1. Judging from appearances

Q. Make sentences using look, look like, look as if /look as though.

1. [ It is about a man. So the subject is “He”]
a) he needs a wash
He looks as if he heeds a wash.
b) rather aggressive
He looks rather aggressive.
c) a tramp
He looks like a tramp.
d) angry
He looks angry.
e) he is going to start a ﬁght
He looks as if he is going to start a ﬁght.

2. [ It is about a machine. So the subject is “it”]
a) terribly complicated
It looks terribly complicated.
b) it cost a lot
It looks as if it cost a lot.
c) very elegantU
It looks very elegant.
d) something from outer space.
It looks like something from outer space.
e) it gives excellent reproduction
It looks as if it gives excellent reproduction.

3. [ It is about two people. So the subject is “they”]
a) a honeymoon coupleU
They look like a honeymoon couple.
b) they are celebrating
The look as if they are celebrating.
c) they’re in love
They look as if they are in love.
d) happy
They look happy.
e) they have just had some good news
They look as if they have just had some good news.

2.2. Looks as if & looks as though.

Look at the following example and complete the ﬂowing exercise.

Example: You see a man lying on the ground in a pool of blood.
-He looks as if he has just been shot.
-He looks as if he is seriously wounded.
-He looks as if he’s about to die.

1. You see a girl standing on the seashore, staring into the water.
-She looks as if she has lost her ring.
-She looks as if she is watching ﬁsh
-She looks as if she is about to commit suicide.

2. You see a man lying on the ﬂoor, laughing.
- He looks as if he is mad.
-He looks as if he has drunk beer .
-He looks as if he is going to act on a play.

3. You see a woman whose cloths are soaked and she is sneezing.
-She looks as if she has just bathed.
-She looks as if she is walking in rain.
- She looks as if she is about to change her cloths.

4. You see a man lying underneath a car.
- He looks as if he is a thief.
- He looks as if has escaped from a jail.
- He looks as if he is going to hide something.

5. You see someone climbing through a window.
-He looks as if he is a thief.
-He looks as if he has lost his key.
- He looks as if he is about to clean his window .

Now try these:
Eye = look as if
Ear = sound as if
Nose = smell as if
Skin = feel as if
Mouth = taste as if

6) You can hear people singing next door.
-They sound as if they are dancing.

7) When you open the door of your ﬂat, there is a strong smell of smoke.
-It smells as if someone is smoking.

8) When you touch your writing desk, you notice it is sticky.
-It feels as if someone has spilt gum on it.

9) When you drink a glass of water, you realize it certainly isn’t ordinary drinking water.
- It tastes as if it is lemon water.

2.3. General Impression:
SEEM Rule:

1)Is/ am/are = Sub + Seem (s) to + be + obj
2)don’t /doesn’t = Sub + don’t /doesn’t + seem to + V1 + obj.
3)Isn’t = Sub + doesn’t + seem to +be + obj.
(He, She, It =Seems to)
(I, we, you, they = Seem to)
* (Don’t /doesn’t = Seem to)
* Is = be
*Are = be
*Am = be
* V5 = V1
* (Watches = watch)
* V1 = V1
*Has = have
* Have = have
* V2 = have +V3

Q. Change the sentences using SEEM.

a) He is very friendly.
-He seems to be very friendly.

b) He isn’t very rich.
-He doesn’t seem to be very rich.

c) He’s happily married.
-He seems to be happily married.

d) He’s some kind of businessman.
-He seems to be some kind of businessman.

e) He doesn’t spend much tome out of doors,
-He doesn’t seem to spend much time out of doors.

f) He watches television a lot.
-He seems to watch television a lot.

g) He has lived a very interesting life.
-He seems to have lived a very interesting life.

Q. Rewrite the following sentences using Seem.

1. He never stops to chat with you if you have got your dog with you.
-He seems to be afraid of dogs.

2. His front garden always looks a bit neglected.
-He seems to be lazy.

3. There are African masks on the wall of his sitting room.
-He seems to have visited Africa at once.

4. The postman always delivers a lot of letters with foreign stamps to his house.
-He seems to know many people in foreign countries.

5. You only see his children during the school holidays.
-They seem to be at a boarding school.

6. He usually carries a walking stick when he goes out.
-He seems to be a lame person.

2.5. Describing people

Physical features:
Hair: curly, straight, fair, short, dark, shoulder-length, wavy

Face: round, oval, square, dark

Eyes: narrow, wide, brown, blue,

Eye brows: thick, thin

Nose: pointed, hooked, crooked

Lips: thick, thin

Chin: Pointed, parted, doubled, cleft

Special features: dimple, scar, moles, moustache, beard, pimple.

Write a physical description of your friend or father or mother.
⇒ Saroj panthi is my best friend. He is in his teen age. He is about 5 ft 5 inches tall. He is a light weight man of about 60 kg. He has long black curly hair. He has a black complexion. His face is round with wide and black eyes. His eyebrows are bushy while his nose is long and pointed. He has thin lips and round chin. He has a mole in his right chick. His forehead is broad. He is always well-dressed. He often stammers while speaking
सरोज पन्थी मेरो सबैभन्दा राम्रो मित्र हो। उहाँ आफ्नो किशोर उमेरमा हुनुहुन्छ। उहाँ लगभग 5 फिट 5 इन्च लामो हुनुहुन्छ। उहाँ लगभग 60 किलोको हल्का वजनको व्यक्ति हुनुहुन्छ। उहाँसँग लामो कालो घुमेको कपाल छ। उहाँ कालो रंग हुनुहुन्छ । उनको अनुहार चौडा र कालो आँखाको साथ हुन्छ। तिनको नाक लामो छ र संकेत गरिरहेको बेला उहाँका आँखाहरू ब्रेक हुन्छन्। उहाँसँग पतली होंठ र राउन्ड चिन छ। उनको दाहिने चोरीमा एक तिल छ। उहाँको माथे व्यापक छ। उहाँ सधैं राम्रोसँग लुगा लगाउनुहुन्छ। उनी प्रायः बोल्ने बेलामा थिमरहेछन्

  2.6 Guessing Age

Tender age: 0-12 years
Teen age: 13-19 years
Twenties: 20-29 years
Thirties: 30-39 years
Forties: 40-49 years
Fifties: 50-59 years, and so on.
Early-mid-late
Early twenties: 20, 21, 22, 23
Mid twenties: 24, 25, 26
Late Twenties: 27, 28, 29

Q. Say approximately when these people were born and then decide what age they are now.

1. Richard 1930/3
_Richard was born in the early thirties -
-He is now in his late seventies.

2. Alan 1964/5
-Alan was born in the mid sixties.
-He is now in his late thirties.

3. Susan 1895/1905
-Susan was born sometime during the decade 1895 to 1905.
-He is now in his hundred above.

4. Jan 1928/9
-Jane was born in the late twenties.
-She is now in her mid seventies.

5. Alison 1941/3
-Alison was born in the early forties.
-He is now in his late ﬁfties.

6. Geraldine 1960/1
-Geraldine was born in the early sixties.
-She is now in her early ﬁfties.

Q. Now work out these people’s approximate ages.
1. Mike started school in 1947.
¤ Mike is in his mid sixties.

2. Albert Smith fought in the First World War.
¤Albert is over one hundred years.

3. Christine isn’t quite old enough to vote yet.
¤She is in her middle teen.

4. Fred will be retiring in a couple of years’ time.
¤ He is in his late sixties.

5. My landlady doesn’t look old, but she has grandchildren.
-She is in her mid sixties.

6. Mary just remembers the Second World War. She is in her early seventies.

7. Brenda’s been teaching for 25 years.
-She is in her early ﬁfties .

Writing: (page 16)

Q. Write a ‘police description’ of the person you have chosen.

⇰ Here is the description of a girl whom the police wish to interview in connection with yesterday's Rs 50000000 bank robbery in tamaghs.The women is in his early thirties. She is heavely built and is about 5feet 2inch tall .She has wavy hair coming up to shoulder. Her lips are thin and there is dimple just below her left eyebrow. Police belived that she is still carrying the gun used to robbery peoples are suggested to remain alert.

यहाँ एक केटीको विवरण हो जुन प्रहरीले साक्षात्कार गर्न चाहन्छ कि हिजोको 50000000 बैंक लुटपाटमा तम्घास मा। साक्षात्कार उनको प्रारम्भिक तेस्रो स्थानमा छ। त्यो भारी मात्रामा बनाइएको छ र लगभग 5फीत 2इन्जिन लामो छ .त्यो कडा कपाल कंधेमा आउँदैछ। उनको होंठ पतली हो र त्यहाँ बायाँ आँखाको तल तल आयोम छ। पुलिसले बेवास्ता गरेको छ कि उनी अझै पनि लुटपाट गर्न प्रयोग गरिएको बन्दुकलाई सचेत रहन सुझाव दिए।

Composition (page: 20)

1. Intelligence Tests:

The term, ‘intelligence”, means the mental ability or the mental speed of a person. Intelligence test means that types of test which measures the mental capacity of a person. By asking I Q questions to a person, we can measure his/her intelligence. Sometimes people deﬁne intelligence as his ability to remember what he reads or hears. Other people deﬁne intelligence as the mental speed of a person or how a person thinks quickly. Intelligence has also relation to our ability to solve the practical problems of our life.
When we ask I Q questions, some people give answers so quickly, but other think for longer. The same question could be easy for a person but difﬁcult for other. For example the same mathematical question could be easy for a student but difﬁcult for other. It depends on the mental speed of a person. Time plays a vital role in the intelligence tests. If a person gives answer faster than the other, he is called intelligence. Her only write answer is not counted, but the time as will. We have to give the answer within the due second. Nowadays I Q questions are being asked in different types of test and examinations. If a person gives more and more answer correctly in due time, he is considered intelligence and he gets a job. In quiz contest I Q questions are generally being asked. There are three types of I. Q. questions: verbal, visual and numerical.
In conclusion, Intelligence tests measure our mental ability and mental speed. By asking I Q. questions, we can measure the mental ability of a person. We can ﬁnd out hoe clever the person is.

शब्द, 'बुद्धिमान', अर्थ मानसिक क्षमता वा व्यक्तिको मानसिक गति हो। खुफिया परीक्षणको अर्थ छ कि परीक्षणको प्रकार जसले व्यक्तिको मानसिक क्षमताको उपाय गर्दछ। मैले सोधेर प्रश्न गरेर एक व्यक्तिलाई प्रश्न सोध्छौं, हामी उनको खुफियाको मापन गर्न सक्छौं। कहिलेकाहीँ मानिसहरु तिनीहरुलाई पढ्ने वा सुन्नुको सम्झना गर्ने क्षमताको रूपमा छ। अन्य व्यक्तिले व्यक्तिको मानसिक गतिको रूपमा वा व्यक्तिलाई कसरी चाँडै सोच्दछ। खुफियाले हाम्रो जीवनको व्यावहारिक समस्याहरू समाधान गर्ने क्षमतालाई पनि सम्बोधन गरेको छ।

जब हामी म प्रश्न प्रश्न सोध्छु, केहि मान्छेले छिट्टै उत्तर दिन्छन्, तर अरु लामो समय सम्म लाग्छ। एउटै प्रश्न एक व्यक्तिको लागि सजिलो हुन सक्छ तर अन्यको लागि फरक छ। उदाहरणका लागि एउटै गणितीय प्रश्न विद्यार्थीको लागि सजिलो हुन सक्छ तर अन्यको लागि फरक छ। यो व्यक्तिको मानसिक गतिमा निर्भर गर्दछ। समय खुफिया परीक्षणहरूमा महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्दछ। यदि एक व्यक्तिले अर्को भन्दा छिटो जवाफ दिन्छ भने, उसलाई बुद्धि भनिन्छ। उनको मात्र जवाफ लेख्ने गिनती छैन, तर समयको रूपमा। हामीले उत्तर दोस्रो पछाडि उत्तर दिनुपर्छ। आजकल म प्रश्नहरू विभिन्न प्रकारका परीक्षण र परीक्षाहरूमा सोध्न सकिन्छ। यदि एक व्यक्तिले अधिक समयमा सही समयमा सही जवाफ दिन्छ भने, उसलाई बुद्धिमानी मानिन्छ र उसले जागिर पाउँछ। प्रश्नोत्तरी प्रतियोगितामा म प्रश्नहरू सामान्यतया सोधिएको छ। त्यहाँ तीन प्रकारका प्रश्नहरू छन्। प्रश्नहरू: मौखिक, दृश्य र संख्यात्मक।
अन्तमा, खुफिया परीक्षणहरूले हाम्रो मानसिक क्षमता र मानसिक गतिको उपाय गर्छ। मैले प्रश्न सोधेर, हामी एक व्यक्तिको मानसिक क्षमता को माप गर्न सक्छौं। हामी हाउ चाउचाउबाट बाहिर निकाल्न सक्छौं व्यक्ति।

2.Do-it-Yourself

One should do his work himself. The man who forms habit of doing his her work by himself herselfis the rightly- oriented person.When
a man does his work honestly and continuously, he gets satisfaction. Getting satisfaction from the work is a good sign that he will further work. This habit gives him success. Success in life gives a man condfidence. Confidence again leads to other sucess.
A man who knows the value of work knows well the fruit of labour too. He /she finds delight in whatever he/ she gets after work. The great thing we can learn in life is this self- reliance. Such people are praised on earth and liked in heaven. We should, therefore, do our work by our selves and behappy at the result we get.

आफै गर
कसैले आफ्नो काम गर्नु पर्छ। मानिस जो आफैले आफ्नो काम गरिरहेको आदतको रूपमा बनाउँछ व्यक्तिलाई सही रूपमा निहित व्यक्ति। जब
एक मान्छे आफ्नो ईमानदारी संग र लगातार काम गर्दछ, त्यो सन्तुष्ट हुन्छ। कामबाट सन्तुष्टि पाउनु राम्रो संकेत हो कि उसले थप काम गर्नेछ। यो बानी उसलाई सफलता प्रदान गर्दछ। जीवनमा सफलताले मानिसको सम्भावना दिन्छ। निर्धक्क फेरि अर्को सुचारु हुन्छ।कामको मूल्य जान्ने व्यक्तिले पनि राम्रो कामको फल जान्छ। उसले / जुन जो पनि काम पछि पाउँछ उसले प्रसन्न पाउँछ। हामीले जीवनमा सिक्न सक्ने ठूलो कुरा यो आत्म-भरोसा हो। यस्ता मानिसहरू पृथ्वीमा प्रशंसा गरिएका छन्स्वर्गमा मनपर्थ्यो। त्यसोभए, हामीले आफैंले हाम्रो काम गरौं र हामीले प्राप्त गर्ने नतिजा बाट व्यवहार गरौं

Q. If you were shipwrecked alone on a desert island, which ﬁve common objects would you want have with you? Why?
⇨If I were shipwrecked alone on a deserted island, I’d like to want to have the ﬁve common objects: a gun, a matchbox, a knife, a tent, and some light clothes.
I want to keep a light gun with me because it would protect me from the wild animals. It would be also needed to kill eatable animals. A matchbox would be necessary for me to roast the meat of those animals. A knife would be needed to chop the meat to eat and to cut coconuts which would be available in the island. A tent would be needed to be protected from heat and rain. There might be hot weather on the island. So some light clothes would be sufﬁcient for me there.

Unit: 3

3.2. Previous Events:
Rule:
A: Given sentence
B: Why? What had happened?/ What had +Sub +done?
A:Well, Sub + had + V3 +object, and +Sub +had +v3 + obj.
नियम:

A: दिइएको दिइयो वाक्य
B: किन? के भयो? / के थियो + Sub + done?
A: ठीक छ, उप + थियो + V3 + वस्तु, र + उप + थियो + v3 + obj।
Have similar conversation of the following remarks.

1) When I saw him two years later I could hardly recognized him.
A: When I saw him two years later I could hardly recognized him.
B: Why? What had happened?
A: Well, he had grown beard, and he had kept long moustache.

2) They sent both men to prison for 20 years.
A: They sent both men to prison for 20 years.
B: Why? What had happened?
A: Well, they had killed a man and robbed his house.

3) The ﬁreman received a medal for bravery.
A: The ﬁreman received a medal for bravery.
  B: Why? What happened?
A: Well, he had saved a baby from a burning house and he had saved a lot of property.

4) It was a good thing I checked my bill before I paid it.
A: It was a good thing I checked my bill before I paid it.
B:Why? What had happened?
A: Well, the shopkeeper had added extra money and he hadn’t included VAT.

5) When my sister came home, she was crying her eyes out.
A: When my sister came home, she was crying her eyes out.
B: Why? What had happened?
A: Well, she had lost her purse, and my mother had scolded her.

6) I got very angry letter from my bank manager last Friday.
A: I got very angry letter from my bank manager last Friday.
B: Why? What had happened?
A; Well, I hadn’t paid my loan, and I hadn’t informed him anything.

7) My new trousers were ruined when they came out of the washing machine.
A: My new trousers were ruined when they came out of the washing machine.
B: Why? What had happened?
A: Well, the washing machine had been broken, and I had kept it in higher temperature.

8) They came back from their holiday feeling completely refreshed.
A: They came back from their holiday feeling completely refreshed.
B:Why? What had happened?
A: Well, They had been to Pokhara, and they had enjoyed visiting Phewa Lake.

3.3 Previous activities and events

Rule:
A: Given Sentence
B: Sub + had been + v4 + obj.
नियम:
A: दिइएको वाक्य
B: उप + भएको थियो + v4 + obj।
Make the conversation as it is shown in the example.

a) Eventually Richard found a job that suited him
A: Eventually Richard found a job that suited him.
B: He had been looking for a job.
C: He had been applying many places. D; He had bee studying very hard.

b) When the Johnsons eventually got away on holiday they felt they really deserved it.
A: When the Johnsons eventually got away on holiday they felt they really deserved it.
B: They had been working very hard.
C: They had been visiting Pokhara
D: They had been enjoying together.

C)By the time the climbers reached the top of the mountain, they were exhausted.
A: By the time the climbers reached the top of the mountain, they were exhausted.
B: They had been climbing the mountain.
C: They had been carrying their bags.
D: They hadn’t been eating anything.

d) It was hardly surprising that Anthony fainted.
A: It was hardly surprising that Anthony fainted.
B: She had been suffering from fever.
C: She had been running in the sun.
D: She had been taking medicine.

e) Vivienne sighed with relief
A: Vivienne sighed with relief.
B: She had been working for a long time.
C: She had been facing a problem.
D: She had not been getting leave

  3.5. Additional Information:

Relative Clause

Who = Person
Where = place
When = time
What = thing
Which = thing/animal
Whose = relation
Whom = possession
Why = reason X
How = quantity X

Structure:

Sub of the ﬁrst sentence, + wh word +Part of the 2nd sentence (no repeated sub), + Part of 1st sentence

If there is a preposition with the repeated sub of the second sentence, we should put it before the wh word, when we join the sentences with “which” and “whom”.

1. Phil was an excellent driver.Phil’s forehead was covered in sweat.
-Phil, whose forehead was covered in sweat, was an excellent driver.

2.Julia hadn’t wanted to come in the ﬁrst place.The Admiral had entrusted the papers to Julia.
-Julia, to whom the Admiral had entrusted the papers, hadn’t wanted to come in the ﬁrst place.

3. Alex had closed his eyes.It had been Alex’s idea to come.The success of the whole mission depended on Alex.
- Alex, on whom the success of the whole mission depended, which had been his idea to come, had closed his eyes.

4.Alex had just taken the gun out of his pocket.Alex never went anywhere without his gun.
- Alex, who never went anywhere without his gun, had closed his eyes.

5.The dog was sitting facing the back window.The dog loved travelling in fast car.
- The dog, which loved travelling in fast car, was sitting facing the back window.

6.The truck was gaining on them all the time.They were trying so desperately to escape from the truck. A light machinegun was clearly visible on the truck.
- The truck, on which a light machine gun was clearly visible, from where they were trying so desperately to escape, was gaining on them all the time.

3.6 Background Information

Add an appropriate relative clause to these sentences.

1. I couldn’t wait to get back to Venice,…….
I couldn’t wait to get back to Venice, where Nabina had been waiting for me.

2. At last they managed to repair the telephone……
-At last they managed to repair the telephone, which had been disconnected .

3. The teacher,…………. , turned round suddenly.
-The teacher who was teaching,turn round suddenly.

4. I eventually found the letter, ………., in my jacket pocket.
-I eventually found the letter, which my friend had written to me, in my jacket pocket.

5. When I came back, I found that my car, …………, had disappeared.
-When I came back, I found that my car, which I had parked outside, had disappeared.

6. We were all very grateful to Richard, ……….
-We were all very grateful to Richard, who had helped us.

Composition (page: 30)

1. Write a letter to a newspaper saying how you fell about the growing use of computer in our daily live.

Tamgahs gulmi
Date:2075/08/06
The Editor,
The Kathmandu Post Katmandu
Sir,
I would be grateful if my article about the growing use of computer in our daily lives will be published in your reputed newspaper. I hope millions of readers will advantage from this article.
Modern science has given many things tot us. Computer is one of the greatest inventions of modern science. It has made our life easier and faster. We can’t imagine the modern world without computer. It is the fastest means of communication as will. The internet and email has changed the world into a global village. Computer has become essential part of human life in the present world. Consequence, the users have been increasing day by day. Whether one is doing ofﬁcial or personal work, one prefers to use computer life, without computer, has become almost unimaginable. No doubt computer makes our task easier; it enables people to work efﬁciently and it prevents people from working in weather extremes. Undoubtedly it has made communication easer efﬁcient and less time consuming. Nevertheless, computer does have reverse side too.Excess use of computer results into the loss of eyesight in the long run. Computer brings sex and violence in screen. Which result into the increment of sex violence. Teenagers utilize computer in such a way that their mind get corrupted and they cross social norms and values. Eventually such deeds are sure to bring social disorder. Moreover it makes people lazy and unsocial as they wish to spend much of their time with computer
If we use the computer in a proper way, it has surely more advantages than disadvantages. It is the boon of modern science.
Your Sincere
Arun panthi

2. Write an essay on advantages and disadvantages of computer.

Advantages and disadvantages of computer.

Modern science has given many things to us. Computer is one of the greatest inventions of modern science. It has made our life easier and faster. We can’t imagine the modern world without computer. It is the fastest means of communication as will. The internet and email has changed the world into a global village.
There are many advantages of computer. We can use for entertainment information and as a means of communication. We can write emails and we can download important information from internet. We can watch videos, ﬁlm and songs on it. We can save data on it. It reduces the costs in the ofﬁce for accountants. It has become essential part of human life in the present world. The users have been increasing day by day. Computers are useful in business, in education and home. The use of computer has reduced time span of many works. Any works can be done sitting in a place and pressing few keys. It has enabled people to know happenings of the world shortly after it happens. Computer has made it easier for people to communicate in addition to saving time and money. The use of computer in education sector has brought changes in the age-old teaching materials. As in business and education computer is useful at home. Leisure time of family members does not become burden.
Computer has disadvantages as will. Due to use of computer unemployment problem has increased as computer can perform the duty that might need nearly six to seven workers. Unemployment is likely to result into crimes. Continuous work with computer causes loss of eyesight in the long run. Internet, which is widely used to see pornographic scenes, corrupts the mind of teenagers. Due to it, sex- violence increases rapidly. Computer has direct impact on culture of any nation. The high-tech crimes like hacking banks and important documents become possible due to computer. Virus is also a problem of it. If we put all the records on computer, if the ﬁle is corrupted with virus, all the record becomes useless. The social networking webs like Facebook and Twitter have created a kind of crazy mentality among teenagers.

In conclusion, if we use computer in a proper way it has more advantages than disadvantages. It is the boon of the modern science.

Unit: 4

4.2 Verbs and Adjectives

Q. Write the adjectival form of the verbs below.

Rule:
1. Remember that only three verbs could be changed into adjective by adding “ive”
2. All the other verbs should be made into adjectives by adding “ing”.
3. Beware! You should not put the letter “e” at the end of the word while adding “ing”.
4. Sometimes we should write double the last letter whiled adding “ing” as in “upsetting”.
5. “Offend”, the word becomes “offensive”
नियम:

1. याद गर्नुहोस् कि केवल तीनवटा शब्दहरू "ive" जोडेर विशेषणमा परिवर्तन गर्न सकिन्छ।

2. अन्य सबै क्रियाकलापहरू "ing" थपेर विशेषण मा बनाइनु पर्छ।
3. ब्यूँझनुहोस्! तपाईंले "इन्" थप्दा शब्दको अन्तमा पत्र "ई" राख्नु हुँदैन।
4. कहिलेकाँही हामीले "अप्ठ्यारो" मा "इन्जे" थप्नु भएको अन्तिम अन्तिम अक्षरमा लेख्नु पर्छ।
5. "आक्रोश", शब्द "आक्रामक" हुन्छ
4.2. Talk about the people and things below.

Write the adjectival form of verb

Verb. Adjective

Depress. ➨ Depressing
Offend. ⟹ Offensive
Impress. ➽ Impressing
Attact. ➽ Attractive
Upset. ➽ Upsetting
Excite. ➽ Exciting
Irritate. ➽ Irritating
Suprise. ➽ Supperising
Interest. ➽ Interesting
Confuse. ➽ Confusing
Astonish. ➽ Astonishing
Offend. ➽ Offensive
Shock. ➽ Shocking
Amuse. ➽ Amusing

Structure:
A: What do you think of + given?
B: Oh, I ﬁnd + given + adj.
C: Yes, + given + obj (V1/V5) + me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I get + v3 + when people talk about + given.
संरचना:
A: तपाई के सोच्नुहुन्छ + दिए?
B: ओह, I find + given + adj
C: हाँ, + दिइएको + obj (V1 / V5) + मलाई, पनि।
D: हो, म सहमत छु। मैले + v3 + जब मानिसहरूले कुरा गर्छ + + दिईयो।
1.World Cup football.
A: What do you think of the World Cup football?
B: Oh, I ﬁnd the World Cup football really exciting.
C: Yes, the World Cup football excites me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I get terribly excited when people talk about the world cup football.

2.People who speak several languages.
A: What do you think of the people who speak several languages?
B: Oh, I ﬁnd the people who speak several languages really amazing.
C: Yes, the people who speak several languages amaze me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I get very much amazed when people talks about them.

3.People who talk about themselves.
A: What do you think of the people who talk about themselves?
B: Oh, I ﬁnd the people who talk about themselves really annoying.
C: Yes, the people who talks about themselves annoy me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I get annoyed when people talk about people who talk about themselves.

4.People with dirty ﬁngernails.
A: What do you think of the people with dirty ﬁngernails?
B: Oh, I ﬁnd the people with dirty ﬁngernails really disgusting.
C: Yes, people with dirty ﬁngernails disgust me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I get disgusted when people talk about people with dirty ﬁngernails.

5.slim people
A: What do you think of slim people?
B: Oh, I ﬁnd slim people attractive.
C: Yes, slim people attract me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I get attracted when people talk about slim people.

6. horror ﬁlms
A: What do you think of horror ﬁlms? B: Oh, I ﬁnd horror ﬁlms terrifying.
C: Yes, horror ﬁlms terrify me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I get terriﬁed when people talk about horr or ﬁlms.

4.3 Your Own Attitudes

Write paragraph describing each of the followings.

1) BEGGER
Beggars really annoy me. They occupy any place they like, especially crowd places. It not only hinders the beauty of the city but also destroys the fame of the city. Police personals have to chase them time and again. This scene really disturbs any rational being. I ﬁnd beggars irritating. They cling to the people and beg as if they are recently born puppies. Sometime they disturb tourists by begging. They defame Nepalese people’s identity. Moreover they terrify me.

BEGGER

बगार्सले मलाई साँच्चै कष्टमय बनायो। उनीहरू कुनै पनि ठाँउमा मन पराउँछन्, विशेष गरी भीड स्थानहरू। यसले शहरको सुन्दरतालाई मात्र बाधा पुऱ्याउँछ तर शहरको प्रसिद्धिलाई पनि नष्ट गर्दछ। पुलिसका व्यक्तिहरूले तिनीहरूलाई समय र फेरि फ्याँक्नुपर्छ। यो दृश्य साँच्चै कुनै तर्कसंगत भइरहेको छ। मैले चिन्ता गरें। उनीहरूले मानिसहरूलाई अँगाल्दै र सोध्छन् कि तिनीहरू भर्खरै जन्मेका पिल्लाहरू छन्। केही समय बितेपछि तिनीहरू बिन्ती गरेर पर्यटकहरूलाई सताए। उनी नेपाली जनताको पहिचानको दोषी हुन्। यसबाहेक उनीहरूले मलाई डराउँछन्।
2.  Nudists
Nudists shock me very much, as they do not keep to social codes. Human beings are regarded as the most developed as they can live with the code established by the society codes is to put on clothes. As nudists do not think it is necessary to put on clothes. I ﬁnd them uncivilized. I think they are the beasts in human form. I ﬁnd embarrassing. When walking with relatives their appearance compels me to hide my face. Fathers walking with their daughters should hide their face worth shame. I get terriﬁed with nudists, as they are likely to create disorder in society.
न्युडिस्टहरूले मलाई धेरै झम्काए, किनकि तिनीहरू सामाजिक कोडहरू राख्दैनन्। मानव जाति सबैभन्दा विकसितको रूपमा मानिन्छ किनभने तिनीहरू समाज कोडहरू द्वारा स्थापित कोडसँग बाँच्न सक्छन् लुगाहरू राख्न। जस्तै नग्नवादीहरूले विचार गर्दैनन् यो कपडामा राख्न आवश्यक छ। मैले तिनीहरूलाई बेवास्ता गरेँ। मलाई लाग्छ कि तिनीहरू मानव रूपमा जनावर छन्। मैले शर्मिला गरें। जब आफन्तहरु संग हिड्दा उनको उपस्थितिले मलाई मेरो अनुहार लुकाउन बाध्य पार्छ। आफ्ना छोरीहरूलाई साथमा हिंड्नुका पिताहरूले आफ्नो अनुहारलाई शर्मको लामा राख्नुपर्छ। म न्युयोस्टहरूसँग छुट्टै छुट्याउँछु, किनभने तिनीहरू समाजमा विकार सिर्जना गर्न सम्भव छन्।

3. Door to door sales man

4.4. If there is one thing
Rules:

1.Sentences begins with People = [If there is one thing + that (attitude)s me + its + people who…]
2.Sentences begin with you = [If there is one thing + I (attitude) + its people who…….]
1. स्थानहरू मानिसहरूसँग सुरु हुन्छ = [यदि त्यहाँ एक कुरा हो + त्यो (रवैया) मलाई हो + यसको + मानिसहरू जसले ...]
2.सेन्टेसन तपाईसँग सुरु हुन्छ = [यदि त्यहाँ एउटा कुरा हो + म (रवैया) + यसको मान्छे ...... ......]
Annoy me, upset me, make me angry, I hate, I detest, I loatheमलाई घृणा गर्नुहोस्, मलाई परेशान गर्नुहोस्, मलाई रिस बनाउनुहोस्, मलाई घृणा गर्दछु, म घृणा गर्दछु, म ढोका

Q. Rewrite the following sentences using ‘If there is one thing……’

1. People who smoke in restaurants annoy me.
-If there is one thing that annoys me it’s people who smoke in restaurants.

2. People who are cruel to animals upset me.
-If there is one thing that upsets me it’s people who are cruel to animals.

3. People who break promises make me angry.
-If there is one thing that makes me angry it’s people who break promises.

4. I hate people who smoke in restaurants.
-If there is one thing I hate it’s people who smoke in restaurants.

5. I detest people who interrupt when I am speaking.
-If there is one thing I detest it’s people who interrupt when I am speaking.

6. I loathe people who ring me up early in the morning.
-If there is one thing I loathe it’s people who ring me up early in the morning.

Work in pairs

1.look Fred's putting his cigarette out on his dinner plate.
A: look Fred's putting his cigarette out on his dinner plate.
B:Huh if there is one thing that aanoys me it's people who don't use ashtrays.

2.Alice lost that book i lent her.
A: Alice lost that book i lent her.
B:Huh,if there is one thing that annoy me it's people who don't take care of other property.

3.jim drove into a lamp post last week.
A: jim drove into a lamp post last week.
B:Huh,if there is one thing that annoy me it's people who don't pay attention when they're driving.

4.Rodha still hasn't paid me back that £100she owes me.
A: Rodha still hasn't paid me back that £100she owes me.
B:Huh, there is one thing that annoy me it's people who don't repay their debts.

5.George has forgotten to fed the cat again.
A: George has forgotten to fed the cat again.
B:Huh,if there is one thing that annoy me it's people who don't take care of their pets.

6.Alman kept me waiting for more than an hour last night.
A: Alman kept me waiting for more than an hour last night.
B:Huh,if there is one thing that annoy me it's people who aren't punctual.

7.Mrs.Robison come in to borrow some sugar again this morning.
A: Mrs.Robison come in to borrow some sugar again this morning.
B:Huh,there is one thing that annoy me it's people who borrow things from their neighbours.

Ex 4.5
3. Below is a list of soMe typical characteritics of tourists. make sentences showing your attitude towards each of them

a) They never bother to learn the local language.
- What I don't like them is the way they never bother to learn the local language.

b) They spend so much money.
Ans: I object to the way they spend so much money.

C)They take up all the seats on buses?
-What I don't like about them is the way they take up all the seats on buses

d)They take an interest in local customs.
Ans: One thing that impresses me about them is the way they take an interest in local customs.

e) They complain about everything all the time.
Ans: I dislike the way they complain about verything.

F) They help to provide employment.
Ans: What I like about them is the way they help to provide employment.
unny clothes.

G) They wear such funny clothes.
Ans:I like the way they wear such funny clothes.

h) They've always got so much energy.
Ans: What I like about then is the way they' ve always goTso much energy.

4.7 Judging character

How would you describe a person who……
1. gives away lots of money = generous

2. never buys you a drink= mean/stingy

3. easily loses his temper = bad tempered/hot-tempered

4. never loses his temper = calm

5. helps other people =helpful
6. only thinks about himself = selﬁsh
7. jokes about everything = cheerful/funny
8. doesn’t joke about anything = serious
9. expects good things to happen = optimistic
10. expects bad things to happen -pessimistic
11. believes whatever you tell him = gullible
12. doubts what you tell him= skeptical
13. worries about what people think = sensitive
14. doesn’t care what people think = insensitive
15. likes going to parties = sociable/outgoing
16. doesn’t like going to parties = shy/ reserved
17. lets people down = unreliable
18. doesn’t let people down = reliable
19. has a high opinion himself = vain
20. doesn’t boast = modest

Unit: 5

5.1 How long….
Rules:
1. Activities:
if the action is not complete and the actor could not show his achievement, that is activity.
Question:
How long did + sub + v1 +obj + for?

Prepositions:
Period of time = for
Point of time = until

2. Achievement:
If the action is complete and the actor could show his/her achievement what he/she had done, that is achievement.

Question: How long did it take + sub (objective form) + to + v1 + obj?

[he = him, she = her, they = them, I = you]
Prepositions:
Period of time = in
Point of time = by

Practice:
a) Ask the question with “How long……?”
b) Answer it, using the words in brackets.
1.They talked on the telephone. (20 minutes)
- How long did they talk on the telephone for?
-They talked on the telephone for 20 minutes.

2. She painted the bathroom ceiling. (6 o’ clock)
-How did it take her to paint the bathroom ceiling?
- She painted the bathroom ceiling by 6 o’ clock.

3. We played golf on Sunday. (dusk)
- How long did you play golf on Sunday for?
-We played golf on Sunday until dusk.

4. He mowed the lawn.(ten minutes)
-How long did it take him to mow the lawn?
-He mowed the lawn in ten mi mutes.

5. I wrote all my letters. (lunchtime)
-How long did it take you to write all your letters?
- I wrote all my letters by lunchtime.

6. We had to change the wheel. (ﬁve minutes)
-How long did it take you to change the wheel?
-We had to change the wheel in ﬁve minutes.

7. He watched television. (late movie came on)
-How long did he watch television for?
-He watched television until late movie came on.

8. I read the whole War and Peace. (two weeks)
-How long did it take you to read the whole War and piece?
- I read the whole War and Peace in two weeks.

9. She did some piano practice. (bedtime)
-How long did she do some piano practice for?
- She did some piano practice until bedtime.

10. She waited at the bus top. (ages)
-How long did she wait at the bus stop for?
-She waited at the bus stop for ages.

Ex5.1
1. They spent 20 minutes talking on the telephone
2. It took her all afternoon to paint the bathroom ceiling.
3 We spent the whole Sunday playing golf.
4 It took him ten minutes to mow the lawn.
5. It took me all morning to write all my letters.
6 It took us five minutes to change the wheel.
7. He spent all evening watching television.
8.lt took me two weeks to read the whole of war and space.
9. She spent the whole evening doing some piano practice.
10 She spent ages waiting at the bus stop.

5.3 Longer Than You Expected

Rules:

1. Result in negative past + for/until + (Time)
2. It was + (time) + before + result in positive past. or
-Sub + didn’t + v1 + object + for/until + (Time) It was + (time) + before + Sub + v2 + obj.

Complete the sentences.
1. I wro te to my mother by airmail, but in fact….. ( two weeks)
- She didn’t get the letter for two weeks.
-It was two weeks before the letter reached her.

2. I intended to have an early night but as it happened …. (midnight)
- I didn’t get to sleep till midnight.
- It was midnight before I got to sleep.

3. I said he could borrow the record for a few days, but …(six week) - He didn’t give it back for six weeks.
- It was six weeks before he gave it back to me..

4. It was supposed to be a short meeting, but…. (three hours)
¤It didn’t ﬁnish for three hours.
¤It was three hours before it ﬁnished.

5. She set us some homework for Monday, but as I was away for the weekend…. (Tuesday)
¤ I didn’t ﬁnish it till Tuesday.
¤It was Tuesday before I ﬁnished it.

6. He was invited to dinner but typically….. (after 9 o’clock)
¤ He didn’t arrive till after 9 o’ clock.
♡ It was 9 o’ clock before he arrived.

7. The job was supposed to take three weeks, but unfortunately, …….(nearly two months)
- They didn’t ﬁnish it for nearly two months.
- It was nearly two months before they ﬁnished it.

Writing (page 49)

Q.Write a short article for a magazine entitled ‘keeping a dog in a ﬂat’

2075/08/12
The Kathmandu Post

Keeping a Dog in a Flat’
People have been keeping dogs from ancient time. Dog is taken as a friend of human beings. They are kept as if our family members. It is an obedient animal. It loves its master either the master is rich or poor. It is said that to keep as dog in a ﬂat is hundred times better than to keep a watchman in our house. A watchman may deceive us but a dog never cheats us. It guards our house day and nights without any selﬁsh desire. It keeps the thief away from our house. Nowadays people keep dogs in their ﬂat not only for security of their house but also for their interest to keep pet small dogs. With its keen sense of smell an hearing, dogs keep our house safe.
Keeping a dog in a ﬂat is very difﬁcult job though numerous prefer to do it. One who desires for it at least should have knowledge of what, how and why. Otherwise, keeping a dog in a ﬂat is a troublesome job.
The owner should have knowledge on what he has to do. The ﬁrst essential task is to teach the puppy about the time and place of doing excretion in teaching. Training is however not all in all. A good owner should know the way to talking care of dog. Dogs usually like ﬂesh, so they should be fed with meat. Dogs should be vaccinated against various diseases. Otherwise they might cause rabies, which is very dangerous. It keeps our house safe from burglars and unwanted visitors. It is really useful for us.

Composition (Page 51)

Caricature
“Caricature”, the word means exaggeration of something. It is a kind of art to distort physical features of a person or an object. Artists create caricature basically with two purposes: to make us to laugh and to inform those who have done mistakes for reformation. A cartoon or caricature tells many things easily with in a second than in our words. Nowadays we see basically our political leaders become the subject matter of caricatures.
On our daily newspapers and magazines, we see cartoons of our corrupted leaders as will as the high ranked ofﬁcials who have done corruptions and illegal works. People laugh at their cartoons. In Nepal there is the caricature festival that is cow festival or Gai Jatra. At that time, many artists release albums, songs and visual videos for the purpose of satire and laughing. At that time we ﬁnd magazines with full of cartoons. People get the information that the person is not of having good nature. The culture of cartoon or caricature is a common culture in the world. It could be found in every country and their aim is to make us laugh and to give information. The comedy artists also do caricatures of our political leaders in many comedy programs on televisions. They speak, dress and walk as if the corrupted leaders.
In conclusion, caricature means the cartoons of our newspapers and magazines. To satire over the corrupted person and their wrong works, the artists make caricatures. It can convey a lot of message with a small picture of a caricature.

Politicians

Persons who are actively engaged in politics especially as full-time professional members are called politicians. These days, polities has been
a major field to work on. There is a democratic wave in the modern world and politicians are the basis for building up systems to govern the nations.In Nepal, politicians are mostly corrupt . They win the election by giving dreams and to the people, but, after they win the election, they do their own polities rather than that of the people and the nation. ldeally speaking, Politicians are supposed to be honest, service oriented, coopertaive, diligent and devoted to people. They are the public figures. But, tragically the majority of the Nepalese politicians are literate but uneducated. They do not have visions to guide the nation in the path of progress.
          However, politicians are the pillars of national development.The fate of the nation heavily depends on the honesty and devotion of the politicians. They can make good systems, stop coruption by imposing strict laws, and can pave the way for overal national prosperity in different sectors of development.
सक्रिय व्यक्तिहरू राजनीतिमा व्यस्त छन् विशेष गरी पूर्ण-समय व्यावसायिक सदस्यहरू राजनीतिज्ञ भनिन्छन्। यी दिनहरू, पोलिटिक्सहरू छन्
एक प्रमुख क्षेत्र मा काम गर्न। आधुनिक विश्वमा एक लोकतान्त्रिक लहर हो र राजनीतिज्ञहरू राष्ट्रहरूलाई शासन गर्न अप्ठेरो प्रणालीहरू निर्माण गर्न आधार हो। नेपालमा, राजनेताहरू प्रायः भ्रष्ट हुन्छन्। तिनीहरूले सपना र मानिसहरूलाई दिएका छनौट जित्छन्, तर, चुनाव जित्न पछि, तिनीहरू जनता र राष्ट्रको सट्टा आफ्नै आफ्नै पोलिटिक्स गर्छन्। लड्डा बोल्दै, राजनीतिज्ञ ईमानदार, सेवा उन्मुख, सहकारी, लगनशील र मानिसलाई समर्पित मानिन्छ। तिनीहरू सार्वजनिक व्यक्ति हुन्। तर, दुर्भाग्यवश नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञहरू साक्षर तर अपरिचित छन्। प्रगतिको बाटोमा राष्ट्रलाई डोऱ्याउन उनीहरूलाई दर्शन छैन।
तर, राजनीतिज्ञ राष्ट्रिय विकासको खण्डहरू हुन्। देशको भाग्यले ईमानदारी र राजनीतिज्ञहरूको भक्तिमा निर्भर गर्दछ। उनीहरूले राम्रो प्रणाली बनाउन सक्छन्, सख्त कानुनहरू लागू गरेर सरोकार रोक्न, र विभिन्न क्षेत्र विकासमा अधिवेशनको राष्ट्रिय समृद्धिको लागि मार्ग प्रशस्त गर्न सक्छ।

Q. Can tell you what people’s characters are like from their physical appearance?
⇨It is said that face is the reﬂection of his/her personality and character. People’s character can be determined, to some extent, from their physical appearances. Many people ﬁnd it impossible thing too but I don’t suppose so. After observing a person’s facial appearance minutely, I can determine nature of the person. If the person’s noise is crooked, such person is egotistical. S\he has high opinion about him\her. Other people for them are nothing in comparison to themselves. People with broad forehead are generally thoughtful. They have the tendency of thinking seriously before they do any work. They like to get involved in the observation of natural beauty. They are intellectual. Quick thinking and imaginative, but wish to know excessively about others people’s activities. People having double chin are skeptical. People who put clothes carelessly never worry about what other think about them. Such people are interested only in merrymaking and enjoyment. Quite contrarily, people who always wear clean clothes are interested in showing their superiority. They have high opinion about themselves. Nevertheless exception works in some cases.

Unit: 6
6.1 Reported Speech
To change direct speech into indirect:
1. Change in RV
¤ Said = said that
¤Said to = told
If it is question:
¤Said/said to = asked

Imperative sentences:
¤ Said/said to =ordered, requested, commanded

2.Changes in RS
1. We should not use comma and inverted comma in the indirect speech.

2.Pronoun Change:
- First Person (I, We) = Subject
-Second person (you) = Object
-Third person (He, she, it, they) = no change

3. Tense Change:
a) Present = Past Tens
¤V1/V5 = V2
¤ Is/am/are+V4 = Was/were + V4
¤ Has/have + v3 = had + V3
¤ Has/have + been + V4= had + been +V4

  b) Past Tense
¤V2 = had +V3
¤Was were + V4 = had been + V4
c) Future Tense:
¤Shall/ will = Should/would
d) Model Auxiliary:
¤May = might
¤Can = could

4. Time Adverbials change
¤Today = that day
¤Tomorrow = the next day
¤Yesterday = the day before
¤ Here = there
¤Come = go
¤These =those
¤ This = that
¤Ago = before
¤ Tonight = that night
¤Now = then
¤Hence = thence
¤Thus = so

5. How to change Wh-questins into indirect?
[ RV + Wh-word + sub + aux + verb + obj.]
¤We shoud change pronoun and tense.
¤We should put subject before aux.

6. How to change yes/no questions into indirect?
[ Rv + if/ whether + sub + aux +verb + obj .]
¤ We should use if/whether in yes no question.
¤ We should change the position of aux and subject.

7. How to change imperative sentences?
¤Positive = to
¤Negative =not to.

Example: He said to me, “Don’t smoke”. ~He told me not to smoke.
~ He suggested me not to smoke.

6.1 Practice
Change the following sentences into indirect speech

Rules: (only for thisexercise)
-He said that……. (in every sentences) -I=he, we=they, present=past,will =would

1. ‘I’m from Melbourne.’
~ He said that he was from Melbourne.

2. ‘I like it here.’
~ He said that he liked it there.

3. ‘I don’t earn much money.’
-He said that he didn’t earn much money.
4. ‘I’ve got a cousin in America.’
- He said that he had got a cousin in America.
5. ‘I’ll be staying in New York for a month.’
-He said that he would be staying in New York for a month.
  6. ‘I’ll go to Canada too if I have time.’
-He said that he would go to Canada too if he had time.
7. ‘I’ve been to all art galleries in London.’
- He said that he had been to all art galleries in London.
8. ‘I’ve been sleeping in friend’s ﬂat’
- He said that he had been sleeping in friend’s ﬂat.

Q. Report these remarks made by ministers.
1. ‘We are going to do all we can to help industry.’
-He said that they were going to do all they could to help industry.

2. ‘Unemployment ﬁgures have been falling for several months.’
-He said that unemployment ﬁgures had been falling for several months.

3. ‘The last government didn’t do anything about unemployment.’
- He said that the last government hadn’t done anything about unemployment.
4. ‘These proposals are being considered carefully.’
-He said that those proposals were being considered very carefully.
5. ‘Things won’t get better unless we work together.’
- He said that things wouldn’t get better unless they worked together.
6. ‘I fully support the Prime Minister’s views.’
-He said that he fully supported the Prime Minister’s view.
7. ‘I am sure we will win the next election.’
- He said that he was sure they would win the next election.
8. ‘I can’t say any more until I have talked to the Prime Minister.’
-He said that he couldn’t say any more until he had talked to the Prime Minister.



6.2. Conﬂating Reports.

1. I’m starving. I could eat a horse.
-But you told me just now you weren’t hungry.
2. Oh looks. It is raining.
-What? But they said on the weather for ecast it was going to be sunny.
3. The rent is £25 a week.
-But when I spoke you earlier you said it was only £15 a week.

4. Can I have one of your cigarettes?
-But I thought you had given up smoking.
5. Sorry. This is the private beach. Members only.
-But I was told anyone could bathe here.
6. I’d love to come, but I have got this essay to ﬁnish.
-What? I thought you said you were free.
7. Didn’t you get me a ticket?
- No, I didn’t realize you wanted to come.

6.4. Choose appropriate verb from the list, report the remarks below. Begins with the words given.

Admit, explain, assure, deny, point out, claim, insist, warn, accuse.
1. ‘You are under no obligation to buy the drill if you don’t like it.’
- The salesman assured Mr. Lock that he was no under obligation to buy the drill if he didn’t like it.
2. ‘I don’t want the drill, because it doesn’t work.’
-Mr Lock explained that he didn’t want the drill.
3. ‘The same drill can be bought locally for £ 10 less.’
- Mr Lock pointed out that the same drill could be bought locally for £ 10 less.
4. ‘You broke the drill by using wrongly, and you still owe us £ 45.’
-Bargain Electrics claimed that he had broken the drill by using it wrongly, and that he still owed them £ 45.

5. ‘I didn’t break the drill”
- Mr Lock denied that he had broken the drill.
6. ‘The drill reached you in perfect condition.’
- The Managing Director insisted that the drill had reached him in perfect condition.
7. ‘If you do not pay the balance within seven days, we will have to take legal action.’
- The Managing director warned him that if he didn’t pay the balance within seven days, they would have to take the legal action.
8. ‘You are interfering in a private matter.’
- The Sales Manager accused them of interfering in a private matter.
9. “Mr. Lock has been right all along – the drill was wrongly assembled in the factory.
-The Managing director admitted that Mr. Lock had been right all along and that the drill had been wrongly assembled in the factory.

ex.6.4.
Practice

Report the remark, using a suitable verb from the list.

1.'Come on, Mr. Lock. Why not buy it? It's only £60, after all. Go on, it's an investment'
Ans:The salesman tried to persuade Mr. Lock to buy the drill.

2 No, I have absolutely no intention of sending you the money.
Ans: Bargain Electrics refused to send Mr. Lock the money.

3.'If you don't pay up, we'll take legal action'.
Ans: The Managing Director threatened to take legal action if Jim Lock didn't pay up.

4.'Frankly, I think you're asking for trouble if you don't pay. Why not just send them the money? You'd feel much better if you did'.
Ans: Mr. Jim Lock's wife urged him to send them the money.

5. Ithink you ought to get in touch with "Safeguard".
Ans: One of his friends advised him to get in touch with Safeguard.

6. Please, you must help me !I don't know what to do !.
Ans: Mr. Jim Lock begged Safeguard to help him.

7. 'All right, Mr. Lock. We'll look into it immediately.
Ans: Safeguard promised that they would look into the matter immediately.

8.'No, I'm afraid that's not good enough. As I said before, we Want tospeak to the Sales Manager in person'.
Ans: Safeguard insisted on speaking to the sales manager in person.

9.'Very well, then-we'l give Mr. Lock his deposit back'.
ans: The managing director agreed to give Mr. Lock his deposit back.

10. "To be honest, after my experience with them, i wouldn't buy anything from Bargain electrics if i were you".
Ans: Safeguard suggested that he should not buy anything from Bargain Electrics

Composition (page: 61)

Tourists
A tourist is a person who leaves his house for at least 24 hours to visit new places. There are two types of tourists: internal tourists, and external tourists. Internal tourists are those who visit within their national border for entertainment and for holidays. External tourists are those who leave their national border and they visit strange places away from their homeland. For examples, a man goes from Nepalgunj to pokhara to see Phewa Lake and Machhapuchhre, he is a internal tourist. If a person comes from the USA to see mt Everest and goes to Namche Bazaar, he is the external tourist.
Tourism is also called the greatest smokeless industry of the world. Every country wants to attract more and more tourists because they are the sources of foreign currency. Due to the tourists many people get jobs as in hotels, trekking agencies, travel agencies and so on. It increases employment and National income. In terms of Nepal, nature has given every beautiful thing for the attraction of the tourists. But we don’t have the good policy and facilities for the tourists. Government should make proper planning to attract more and more tourists. Let’s hope Nepal will be the best destination for the attraction of the tourists.

Unit:7

7.1 Change the sentences below using must, can’t may/might
1. I’m sure he is working.
-He must be working.
2. Perhaps he is going to ask me.
- He might be going to ask me.
3. I’m sure he is not French.
-He can’t be French.
4. I’m sure they stole the money.
-They must have stolen the money.
5. Perhaps he was listening.
-He might have been listening.
6. I’m sure she was not at work.
-She can’t have been at work.
7. Perhaps he went home.
-He might have gone home.
8. Perhaps she is not coming.
- She might not be coming.
9. I’m sure they weren’t camping.
- They can’t have been camping.
10. Perhaps they haven’t ﬁnished.
-They might not have ﬁnished.
11. Perhaps he was tired.
-He might have been tired.
12. I’m sure she was feeling ill.
-She must have been feeling ill.
13. I’m sure the snow’s melted.
  -The snow must have melted.
14. I’m sure they haven’t been waiting long.
-They can’t have been waiting long.

7.2 Working it out

[Structure: Sub + must/can’t + V1 + obj + because + Side B snswer.]

1. Did he go abroad? = He hasn’t got passport.
-He can’t have gone abroad because he hasn’t got a passport.
2. Has he been working hard? = He looks exhausted.
-He can’t have been working hard because he looks exhausted.
3. Is he redecorating his house?= He had it done only a month ago.
- He can’t be redecorating his house because he had it done only a month ago.
4. Is he an Indian? = He has got fair hair.
-He can’t be an Indian because he has got fair hair.
5. Has the meat gone off? = It smells terrible.
-The meat must have gone off because it smells terrible.
6. Is he talking on the phone?=The line’s engaged.
-He can’t be talking on the phone because the line’s engaged.
7. Is the table an antique? = It only cost him £15.
-The table can’t be antique because it only cost him £15.
8. Is it his birthday? = He got a lot of post this morning.
-It must be his birthday because he got a lot of posts this morning.
9. Has he been made redundant ?= He was only promoted last week.
-He can’t have been made redundant because he was only promoted last week.

Q. Continue the sentences below with a deduction. Rules:
A: given sentence
B: So + sub + must + V1 +obj.
C: So + sub + can’t + V1 + obj.
1. He has got a lovely suntan.
-So he can’t be living indoors.
- So he must have been sunbathing.
-so he must have been going to beach.

2. She is driving a Mercedes.
-So she can’t be poor.
-So she must be very rich.
-so he must have got a good job.

3. They didn’t come to the party. -
-So they can’t have been free.
-So they must have been very busy.
-so they can't have receive the invitation card.

4. He isn’t wearing a uniform.
- So he can’t be going to school. -
-So he must be going to market.
-so he must have resigned from the job.

5. She speaks excellent French. -
  -So she must be French.
- So she can’t be Nepali.
-So he can't have problem in paris.

6. I can hear music next door.
- So they must be dancing.
- So they can’t be reading.
-so she must be listing to the music.

Ex:7.4
Have similar conversations, beginning with the remarks below.

1. I'm sure he/she's in love with me.
A: I'm sure he/she's in love with me.
B: nonsense, if she was in love with you she wouldn't have left you alone when you were ill.
C: And what's more, she would have come to meet your parents.
B:And if she was in love with she wouldn't be wandering withs another boy friend.

2.I'm sure he didn't steal the money.
A: A: I'm sure he didn't steal the money.
B: Nons nsense . If he hadn't stolen the money, he wouldn't run away.
C: And what's more, he wouldn't be trembling when the police asked him about the theft.
D: And ifhe hadn't stolen the money, he wouldn't have money to a house.

3. I think they're going to declare war.
A: I think they're going to declare war.
B: Nonsense. If they were going to declare war, they wouldn't have proposed peace.
C:And they wouldn't reduce many army force.
D:And if they were going to declare war, they wouldn't invest their budget in unfruitful areas.

4. I wonder if that fish was off.
A: I wonder if that fish was off.
B: Nonsense. If that fish was off, no body would have eaten.
C: And he wouldn't have been served.
D:And if that fish was off. it Wouldn't smell good.

5. She says she's a socialist.
A: She says she's a socialist.
B. Nonsense. If she was socialist she would not support the capitalists in the election.
C:And ifshe was a socialist, she wouldn't speak against socialism.
D:And what's more.she wouldn't criticize the policies of socialist.

6. I'm sure l'm going to get the sack.
A; I'm sure l'm going to get the sack.
B: Nonsense if you were going to get the sack, you wouldn't have been promoted last month
c: And what's more, you wouldn't be treated so well by the boss.
D: And if you were going to get the sack, you wouldn't be so happy.

7.I think I've got gangrene.
A: think I've got gangren in my leg.
B:Nonsense.I you got gangrene in our leg, you wouldn't be the winner in the race.
C:And what's more, you wouldn't feel healthy.
D:And if you'd got gangrene   in our leg doctor wouldn't have advised you to stop using medicine.
Unit: 8
8.1 Good and Bad Effects

Listen to the tape ans answer the following. (Page no:170 for passage)

1.what effect did the drug have on the people's minds?
⇒The effect of that drug on the people's minds are:

It stop to worring about future.
Enable people to forget aal their probelms.
It made people much easier for relax and enjoy.

2.What effect did it have on the country eonomy and why?
⇒It had a bad effect on the country economy because peoples started to take drug illegally.

3.what did the govenment do,and why weren't they sucessfull?
➡ The govenrment made the drug illegal but they weren't sucessful nexus this action merely encourage people to take more drug.

4.what did the govenment do im the end, and why was this a better solution?
➩ The government exported the drugs to the other countries at the end this was btter solution because this save the island for having to work more than one day a week and allowed them to spend there rest of the time sitting in the sun with Out care in the world.

Choose verbs from the list and write sentences which have been the same meaning as those below. Begin with the words given.

Allow, enable, encourage, force, stop, prevent, discourage, save, make it easier, make it more difﬁcult

1. When they took the drug, it was more difﬁcult for them to think rationally.
-The drug made it more difﬁcult them to think rationally.

2. When they took the drug, they didn’t worry about the future.
-The drug stopped them to worry about the future.

3. When they took the drug they were able to forget all their problems.
-The drug enabled them to forget all their problems.

4.When they took the drug they could relax and enjoy themselves more easily.
-The drug made it easier them to relax and enjoy themselves more easily.

5.Although there was a shortage of food, people still wanted to take the drug.
-Even the food shortage didn’t discourage them from taking the drug.

6. Because of the economic crisis, the government had to take some decisive action.
-The economic crisis forced the government to take some decisive action.

7. After the new law was introduced, people still took the drug.
-The new law didn’t prevent them from taking the drug.

8. After the new law was introduced, people wanted to take the drug even more.
-The new law encouraged them to take the drug even more.

9. When the drug was exported, the Islanders didn’t have to work more than one day a week.
-Exporting the drug saved the Islander from having to work more than one day a week.

10. When the drug was exported, they were able to sit in the sun all; day long.
-This allowed them to sit in the sun all day long.
Ex 8.2
Q.Work in groups. In the same wayabout advantage and disadvantage of following.

1. Credit Cards
A: Credit Cards save people from carrying money.
B: Ah yes, they encourage them to spend more
C: But on the other hand credit cards make it easier for them to do of shopping.
D: Yes but the unpaid balance forces them to
Pay a high rate of interest.

2 .Having a beard
A:Having a beard saves you from going to saloon.
B: Yes, but it prevents people from looking smart.
c: But on the other hand, it enables people to look matured.
D: Yes, but it discourages children from going near you.

3. Television
A: Television encourages us to know new things.
B: Yes, but it forces the children to learn Vulgar things.
C: But on the other hand, it enables us to become up to date.
D: yes, it prevents children from being creatives.

4. Having a telephone
A:Having a telephone makes it easier to communicate.
B:Yes, it prevents us from talking to people face to face.
C: But on the other hand, it enables people to get and deliver infomation soon.
D:Yes, but it encourages people to make bluff calls.

Being rich and famous
A: Being rich and famous makes it easIer to serve and help the poor.
B: Ah yes, but it forces one to be selfish and pitiless.
C: But on the other hand it encourages people to develop their personality .
D:Yes, but it forces us to live a formal life.

6. Having a freezer
A:Having a freezer enables people to keep fruits fresh.
B: Ah yes, but it prevents people from eating fresh.
C: But on the other hand, it prevents fru uits from being destroyed completely.
D: Yes, but it encourages people to become lary and dependent.

7. Practising English in groups
A:practising English in groups encourages students not to speak single.
B: Ah yes but it prevents us from speaking more
C:But on the other hand this forces them
to speak incorrectly in order to be fluent.
D:yes. but this makes them more confident to learn it in a short time.

Ex 8.3

Q. Write a paragraph based on your discussion Say which you think is preferable, and why?
Ans: In my opinion to live in one's oWn country is preferable. We can remain with our family and friends. We can share our sorrow and happiness with them. We get cooperation, encouragement from them. If we are job holders, we feel proud of our service to the nation. In addition, we feel secure in our country.
तपाईंको छलफलमा आधारित एउटा अनुच्छेद लेख्नुहोस् जुन तपाईलाई सोच्नुहुन्छ भन्नुहुन्छ, र किन?

उत्तर: मेरो ओएनएन देशमा लाइभ गर्नको लागि मेरो विचार राम्रो छ। हामी हाम्रो परिवार र साथीहरु संग रहन सक्छौं। हामी उनीहरूको साथ आफ्नो दुःख र खुशी बाँड्न सक्छौं। हामी तिनीहरूलाई सहयोग, प्रोत्साहन प्राप्त गर्छौं। यदि हामी जागिर हो भने, हामी राष्ट्रलाई हाम्रो सेवामा गर्व गर्छौं। यसको अतिरिक्त, हामी हाम्रो देशमा सुरक्षित महसुस गर्दछौं

   8.4. Course of action.
Q. Change the suggestions below using ought to, ought not to, might as swill or there is no point in.
Rules:
* Ought to = it should be done.
* Ought not to = it shouldn’t be done.
*Might as well = it is better to do but not compulsion.
* There is no point in = it is useless to do.

[Sub + ought to/ought not to/ might as well + V1 + object. ] we need not to put second sentence. [There is no point in + V4 + obj]

1. Don’t take your children to see that ﬁlm – it will frighten them.
-You ought not to take your children to see that ﬁlm.

2. Let’s not sell it – it’s not worth anything anyway.
-There is no point in selling it.

3. Why don’t we give it away – it is not worth anything anyway.
-We might as well give it away.

4. Don’t ask him – he doesn’t speak English.
-There is no point in asking him.

5. Why don’t you take a pullover – you have got plenty of room in your case.
- You might as will take a pullover.

6. Why don’t you take a pullover – it might turn cold.
- You ought to take a pullover.

7. Lets not talk about it now – the children are listening.
   -We ought not to talk about it now.
8. Let’s not argue about nit now – that won’t solve the problem.
- There is no point in arguing about it.

8.5. Advising on choice

Rules:
A: Given sentence
B: No, There is no point in/it is not worth + V4 +obj – Reason. (Why is it useless?)
C: Yes, sub might as well + V1 (what is better to do)

1. Do you think I should keep all these old clothes?
A: Do you think I should keep all these old clothes?
B: No, there is no point in keeping all these old clothes – they are too dirty.
C: Yes, you might as well give them to a beggar.

2. What shall we do with the money? Invest it?
A; What shall we do with the money? Invest it?
B: No, there is no point in investing it – it is risky.
C: Yes, you might as well deposit it in the bank.

3. Should I send this letter ﬁrst class?
A: Should I send this letter ﬁrst class?
B: No, There is no point in sending this letter ﬁrst class – it is not so important letter.
C: Yes, we might as will send it to the second class.

4. Let’s get a bigger washing machine.
A: Let’s get a bigger washing machine.
B: No, there is no point in getting a bigger one – it is too expensive.
C: Yes, we might as well get a smaller one.

5. May be we ought to keep some of the ice cream for Mary.
A: May be we ought to keep some of the ice cream for Mary.
B: No, there is no point in keeping it for Mary – she won’t come.
C: Yes, we might as well eat them up.

6. Do you think we should go to school today?
A: Do you think we should go to school today?
B: No, there is no point in going to school today – it is a holiday today.
C:Yes, we might as will go to cinema.

7. I think I will make a bookcase.
A: I think I will make a bookcase.
B: No, there is no point in making a bookcase – you have a few books.
C: Yes, you might as well make a table.

Unit: 9
9.1 Information Questions.
Structure: [ Wh-word + common name + aux +sub + verb + obj?]
1. Are you having tomato/chicken/mushroom soup today?
-What soup are we having today?

2. Was it raining/foggy/ cold when you were in London?
-How was the weather when you were in London?

3. Are you planning to use your father’s car/Tony’s car/my car?
-Whose car are you planning to use?

4. Are you going to boil/fry/scramble those eggs?
-How are you cooking those eggs? /What are you going to do with those eggs?

5. Is it 500 miles/1000 miles/a long way is London from here?
-How far is London from here?

6. Would you like to do manual/ofﬁce/outdoor work?
-What kind of work would you like to do?

7. Are you there four/ﬁve /six of you?
- How many of you are there?

8. I hear he has hurt his leg. Has he broken/bruised/cut it/
-What has he done to his leg?

9. Are you Margaret’s cousin/brother/nephew?
-What is the relation between you and Margaret?

10. Is the cinema opposite/next to/round the corner from the station?
-Where is the cinema from the station? /What direction is the cinema from the station?

11. Have you given away/sold/burnt my old football boots?
-What have you done with my old football boots?

12. Did you use half inch/one-inch/three-quarter-inch screws? -
  -What size screw did you use?

Q. Look at the set of words below. And
(a) decide what each set has in common
(b) ask the information question about it? Rules:
a) Put the common name of three objects.
b) Make a wh-question as your own.

1. arson/blackmail/assault
a) Crime
b) What crime did he commit?

2. stew/grill/roast
a) way of cooking
b) How shall I cook the meat?

3. major/sergeant/corporal
a) rank
b) What rank was he promoted to?

4. primary/grammar/comprehensive
a) kind of school
b) What kind of school they are at?

5. Ford/Volkswagen/Citroen
a) brand of car
b) What kind of car are you buying?

6. rubber/leather/plastic
a) material
b) What material is used in your shoes?

7. A4/foolscape/quarto
a) size of paper
b) What size of paper do you want?

8. Crimson/scarlet/maroon
a) shade of red colour
b) What shade of red is in her dress?

9. rare/medium/ well done
a) Way of doing
b) How would you like your steak done?

10. A/B/C
a) grade
b) What grade did he get in the test?

9.3 Indirect questions

Rewrite the following questions into indirect forms.

1. What time did you wake up this morning?
⇰ Can you remember what time you woke up this morning?
2. How much do colour TVs costs these days?
➡ Have you any idea how much colour TVs cost these days?

3. What time does the ﬁlm starts?
⇛ I wonder what time the ﬁlm star ts.

4. Was he alone?
⇨Did you notice if he had been alone .

5. When are they getting married?
- I am longing to know when they are getting married.

6. Did I lock the front door?
-Do you remember if I locked the front door?

7. Has the train left?
-Have you found out the train has left?

8. What colour curtains did they buy?
- Do you know what colour curtains they bought?

9.2 Getting further information
Write short conversation.
1. My sister got engaged last week.
   A: My sister got engaged last week.
B: Really? Who did she et engaged to?
   A: She is engaged to a doctor.
B: But what should I give to her as a gift?

2. He died suddenly at the age of 35.
A: He died suddenly at the age of 35.
B: Did he? What did he die of?
A:He died of cancer.
B: Wasn’t he taken to hospital?

3. I’m going to wrap those Christmas present.
A: I’m going to wrap those Christmas present.
B: Oh, are you? What are you going to wrap them in?
A: I am going to wrap them in a shining paper.
B: Who are you going to present them to?

4. I’m sure John is in love?
A: I’m sure John is in love?
B: Really? Who is John in love with?
A: He is in love with Neelam.
B: Will he marry her?

5. Can I borrow your pen knife for a moment?
A: Can I borrow your pen knife for a moment?
B: Oh. Sure. Why do you need it?
A: I want to peel potatoes.
B: Can’t you buy a new one?

Ex:9.7
Report the following questions:

1.Did you have a good Journey?
-Nabina asked me whether 1 had had a good journey.
2 Are you hungry ?
-Nabina asked me whether I was hungry.
3.Did you have a meal on the plane?
- Nabina asked me whether I had had a meal on the plane.
4. Did you have any trouble at customs?
- Ram asked me whether I had had any trouble at customs.
5. How are you feeling ?
-Ramesh asked me how I was feeling.
6. How much do you smoke?
- Hari asked me how much I smoke.
7. Have you been sleeping badly?
-He asked me whether I had been sleeping badly.
8. Have you worked in a restaurnt before?
-Sita asked me ifIhad worked in a restaurant before
9. Have you been vaccinated against cholera?
- Hle asked me if I had been vaccinated against cholera.
10. How far away do you lived?
- He asked me how far away I lived
11. Are you willing to work in the evenings?
   -Rita wanted to know ifl was willing to work in the evenings.
12.When can you start?
-He asked me when I could start.
13.Do you do any exercise?
- Ram asked me if l did any excercises.

Write 120-180 words about one of the following topics
1.cars
       Cars are one of the many gifts of modern science.They are now slowly becoming essential all over the world .It is because the pace of modern living has become so fast that busy people can not was their time by walking, waiting for buses or cycling all the way. Cars are smaller in size much more comfortable and can also not only be driven along -streets but can also be used for long as well as short distance journeyS.Maintenance cost of cars is also within manageable limits.
                      Cars are in common use in the western world of developed countries. Almost each and every household is keeping a car. At the same time it is also true that a vast majority of the third-world population is deprived of this facility In Nepal and India cars are considered a luxury of life, far beyond transport sy stem. However, we may not have to be disappointed for long because more and more car making companies are involved in cut-throat competition to win the consumer's heart and tempt new consumers to buy their products.They are now trying to make cars new model that are accessible to average house holds and cheaper to maintain. Fifty years from now-who knows-we may see cars plying in Kathmandu roads and far out numbering other vehicles.

1.cars

कारहरू आधुनिक विज्ञानका धेरै उपहारहरू हुन्। तिनीहरू अहिले सबै संसारमा आवश्यक बनयो किनभने आधुनिक जीवनको गति यति छिटो भएको छ कि व्यस्त मानिसहरू उनीहरूको समय हिड्न सक्दैन, बसहरू वा साइकल यात्राको लागि प्रतीक्षा गर्दै सम्पूर्ण। कारहरु सानो आकारमा धेरै सहज छन् र पनि यो केवल नितान्तहरू साथ-साथ गर्न सकिन्छ पनि सक्छ तर लामो समयसम्म पनि छोटो दूरीको यात्रा पनि गर्न सकिन्छ। कारहरुको रखरखाव लागत व्यवस्थित सीमा भित्र पनि छ।

विकसित देशहरूको पश्चिमी संसारमा कारहरू सामान्य प्रयोगमा छन्। लगभग प्रत्येक परिवारले कार राखिरहेको छ। त्यहि समयमा यो पनि सत्य हो कि तेस्रो-विश्व जनसंख्याको विशाल बहुमत यस सुविधाबाट बञ्चित छ र नेपाल कारहरुको जीवनको लक्जरी मानिन्छ। यद्यपि, हामी लामो समय सम्म निराश नहुन सक्छ किनकि अधिक से अधिक कार कम्पनी उपभोक्ता को दिल जीतने को लागि र गला प्रतियोगिता मा शामिल हो र नयाँ उपभोक्ताहरु लाई आफ्नो उत्पादनहरु लाई खरीदने को लागि प्रलोभन .वे अब कारहरु लाई नयाँ मोडेल बनाउन को लागी कोशिश गर्दै छन् औसत घर धारण र सजिलो राख्न सजिलो। अहिलेबाट पचास वर्षहरू - कसले जान्दछ- हामी काठमांडूका सड़कोंमा कार फ्लाइङ्ग देख्न सक्दछौं र धेरै गाईको संख्यामा।

2. गर्मी र शीतकालीन
2. Summer and Winter
Summer and winter are the two opposite spokes in the annual Cycle of season.The two seasons are experienced in every part of the world, thought with varying intensity.
                       Generally summer is a hot season. In Nepal, when spring is over, Summer sets in bringing with it terrible heat and humidity. Most people are forced indoors because of the heat of the sun. They throw off their clothes.
People clamour for water but most of thw water sources get dry. People feel helpless
against overpowering laziness. Even the electric fan flls the room with hot air .Cold drinks are sold like hot cakes. The sisummer miseries begin to vanish within two months when the monsoon wimd bring the first rains of the yeatr in june.It still feels hot in the rainy season but it's not oppressive and intolerable.
In Nepal winter starts from the last week of November.People sit in their homes, wrapped up in blankets. They come out in jackets and layers of lothes. It needs courage to bathe in cold water. It becomes foggy in most parts of the country Some times unexpected rains fall in this
Season. Life then becomes so miserable.

Unit: 10
10.1 I wish/If only

Q. Make sentences with I wish/if only, using a) would, b) could, c) the past tense.
1. It is raining.
➡ I wish someone would give me an umbrella.
⇛I wish I could buy a rain coat.
⇨I wish it was sunny.

   2. You are lonely
-I wish someone would come to help me.
- I wish I could contact my friend.
- I wish I were with some friends.

3. You are ill in bed.
- I wish someone would bring me some medicine.. - I wish I could go to the hospital.
- I wish I was healthy.

4. Your car has broken down.
-I wish someone would come to help me.
- I wish I could repair it myself.
- I wish I had anew car.

5. You are short of money.
- I wish someone would lend me some money.
- I wish I could earn enough money.
-I wish I was wealthy.

Work in pairs.Have similar converation,based on the situations below.
1. A doesn't have a telephone; B has a telephone.
B: I wish I didn't have a telephone.
A: Really? Why's that?
B: well, if I didn't have a telephone,I wouldn't have tk spend all time answering calls.
A: I wish I have a telephone.
B: Really? Why's that?
A: Because if l had a telephone I could save a lot of time and energy

2.A doesn't t work in London, B works in London
B: I wish I wasn't working in London.
A: Really? Why's that?
B: Well, if I wasn't working in London ,I wouldn't have to live away from my family.
A: Well, frankly, I wish I was working in London.
B: Really? Why's that?
A:Because if I was working in London, I would earn enough to support my family

3.A's children go to boarding school; B's children don't go to boarding school
B: I wish my children were going to boarding school.
A: Really? Why's that?
B: Well if my children weren't going to boarding school, I wouldn't have to pay so much money.
A: Well, frankly, I wish my children were going to boarding school.
B: Really Why's that?
A: Well if my children were gong boarding school, they would get better education.

4.A's mother hardly ever visits him; B's mother often visits him.
B: I wish my mother wouldn't visit me.
A: Really? Why's that?
B: Well, if my mother wouldn't visit me, I wouldn't alway have to keep my things in order.
A: Well, frankly, I wish my mother would often visits me
B: Really? Why's that?
A: Because if my mother would offen visite , I wouldn't have to eat out

5.A isn't famous; B is famous.
B:I wish I wasn't famous.
A:Rally? Why's that?
B:Well, if I wasn't famous, I wouldn't be pushed about by fans and photographers.
A:Well, frankly, I wish I was famous.
B:Really Why's that?
S:Because if l was famous, people would through to see me.

6.A has got a cold; B hasn't g got a cold.
B: I wish I hadn't got a cold
A; Really? Why's that?
B: if I hadn't got a cold, I wouldn't have to miss
my class.
A: I wish I had got a cold.
B; Really? Why's that?
A: Well, ifI had got a cold, I won't have to go to work.

10.5 Feeling sorry for yourself.

Rules:
*I wish/if only + I had +V3 +Obj
*I shouldn’t + have +V3 +Obj.

Q. What might you regret in these situations, using I wish../If only.. or I shouldn’t ..?
1. You are suffering from sunstroke.
-I wish I had taken an umbrella with me.
- I shouldn’t have stayed in the sun.
2. War has suddenly broken out and you’re stuck in your hotel room.
- I wish I had stayed at home.
-I shouldn’t have come here.

3. Your house has burnt down.
- I wish I had called the ﬁre brigade.
- I shouldn’t have left the burning candle.

4. You feel seasick
-I wish I hade travelled by Plane.
- I shouldn’t have travelled by the ship.

5. You are short of sleep.
- I Wish I had gone to bed earlier.
-I shouldn’t have watched the ﬁlm all night.

6. Someone has just refused to marry you.
- I wish I had not proposed her.
-I shouldn’t have liked her.

7. You are stuck half way up a mountain in fog.
-I wish I had listened to the weather forecast.
- I shouldn’t have climbed in this season.

Work in pairs. Have conversation as in the example.
1. You are suffering from sunstroke.
A: I wish I'd sat in th shade.
I should never have taken the roof off the car.
B: Why not ?
A: Because If I'd sat in the shade I wouldn't have got so burnt.
If I hadn't taken if off

2. War has suddenly broken out and you’re stuck in your hotel room.
A: I wish I'd stayed in the home.
B: Why?
A: Because if I'd stayed in the home, I wouldn't have been stuck in this hotel room.

3. Your house has burnt down.
A: Iwish I'd put off the candle before going to bed.
B:Why?
A:Because if Ihad put it off, my house wouldn't have caugh fire

4.You feel seasick.
A: I should never have chosen to travel by sea.
B:Why not?
A:Because of I hadn't chosen to travel by sea, I would never have felt seasick.

5. You're short of sleep.
A: I shouldn't have watched TV all night.
B:Why?
A:Because if I hadn't watched Tv all night, wouldn't have been felt sleepy now.

6.Someone. has just refused to marry you.
A:I should never have proposed her to mary me.
B:Why not?
A:Because if I hadn't proposed her, I wouldn't have been insulted

7.You're stuck half way upa mountain in fog,
A:I wish I'd listened to the weather forecast before setting off for trekking.
B:Why?
A:Because if I'd listened to the weather forecast ,I wouldn't have been caught in the mountain fog.

Composition (page: 104)
Q. Tell the story of a dream you have had.
Last Saturday night, I saw a strange dream. I couldn’t say why I saw this fearful dream and what unfulﬁlled desire made me to see this dream.
In my dream I was alone in a jungle. It was a dense forest. It was so beautiful and green that I was charmed by the beauty of it. The ﬂowers were blossomed and the fountains were ﬂowing in the forest. I was waiting for my friend there. The cuckoo’s sweet song had attracted me much. There was spring season around there.
I was waiting my friend. A black ﬁgure was coming towards me. At ﬁrst I thought it was my friend, but later I know that he was neither a man nor an animal. It was a ghost. It had longer hair and huge body. It had longer claws and teeth. Its face was covered with long dark hair and it was laughing heavily. I was afraid with it and tried to escape from there, but I couldn’t run. The ghost laughed heavily and caught my waist with its single hand and holds me up in the air. It tried to chew my head into its cave-like mouth. When it put my head into its mouth, I suddenly woke up in my bed in my room. I found my pillow had made uneasy to sleep. I was trembling with fear and I couldn’t sleep till the night. It was my strange dream I had seen last night.

Unit: 11
11. 1) Q. Change the following sentences using “When” instead of ‘and’ or ‘but’.
1. She peeled the banana and gave it to the baby.
-When she had peeled the banana, she gave it to the baby.
2. I looked in the fridge and found some sausages.
-When I looked in the fridge, I found some sausages.
3. The security man searched our hand baggage and we boarded the plane.
-When the security men had searched our hand baggage, we boarded the plane.
4. He kicked the dog and it barked.
-When he kicked the dog, it barked.
5. I went to the duty free shop and bought a cartoon of Gauloises.
-When I went to the duty free shop, I bought a cartoon of Gauloises.
6. The plane took off and the stewardess came round with orange juice.
- When the plane had taken off, the stewardess came round with orange juice.
7. He drank the coffee and asked for another cup.
-When he had drunk the coffee, he asked for another cup.

8. I paid my bill and left the restaurant.
-When I had paid my bill, I left the restaurant.

9. He put his foot on the brake but nothing happened.
-When he put his foot on the brake, nothing happened.

10. I read the letter and threw it into the wastepaper basket.
-When I had read the letter, I threw it into the wastepaper basket.

11. I read his autobiography and discovered what a strange person he had been.
- When I had read his autobiography, I discovered what a strange person he had been.

11.2 As Soon As
Q. change the sentences below using as soon as.
1. They saw the house and immediately fell in love with it.
-As soon as they saw the house, they fell in love with it.

2. I wrote the letter and posted it straight away.
-As soon as I had written the letter, I posted it straight away.

3. He got his exam results and immediately rang up his parents. - -As soon as she had got his exam results, he rang up his parents.

4. The train passed and immediately the crossing barrier went up. -As soon as the train had passed, the crossing barrier went up.
5. He got married again immediately after his wif e’s death.
- As soon as his wife had died, he got married again.
6. He left the house straight after breakfast.
-As soon as he had taken his breakfast, he left the house.
7. I looked into her eyes and knew immediately that she was she girl for me.
-As soon as I looked into her eyes, I knew that she was the girl for me.

11.4. Getting the order right.
Q. Decide whether the person did things in right order and say what happened as a result.
1. resigned/found another job (Wrong order.)
A: He didn’t ﬁnd another job before he resigned.
B: He resigned before he had found another job.
C: He became jobless.

2. Checked his change/left the shop (Right order)
A: He checked his change before he left the shop
B: He didn’t leave the shop until he had checked his change.
C: He was not deceived.

3. Started driving the car/insured it (Wrong order)
A: He didn’t insure the car before he started driving it.
B: He started driving the car before he had insured it.
C: He had an accident.

4. signed the contract/read it (wrong Order.)
A: He didn’t read the contract before he signed it.
B: He signed the contract before he had read it.
C: He was cheated.

5. had a good breakfast/set out (Right. Order.)
A: He had a good breakfast before he set out.
B: He didn’t set out until he had a good breakfast.
C: He was no longer hungry.

6. fastened her seat belt/drove off (Right order .)
A: She fastened her seat belt before she drove off.
B: She didn’t drive off until she had fastened her seat belt.
C: She was safe in the accident.

7. wiped his feet/came in (right Order)
A: He wiped his feet before he came in.
B: He didn’t come in until he had wiped his feet.
C: He kept his room clean.

11.6 Practice
Q. Develop the sentences below as the expression of unexpected events.

1. The audience came out of the cinema…..
a) The audience had only just come out of the cinema when the building collapsed.
b) No sooner had the audience come out of the cinema than the building collapsed.

2. I reached the shore…..
a) I had only just reached the shore when the storm broke out.
b) No sooner had I reached the shore than the storm broke out.

3. I left the island….
a) I had only just left the island when the volcano erupted.
b) No sooner had I left the island than the volcano erupted.

4. I changed all my dollars into sterlin
a) I had only just changed all my dollars into sterling when the value of dollars went down.
b) No sooner had I changed all my dollars into sterling than the value of dollars went down.

5. We got the harvest in…
a) We had only just got the harvest in when it started raining.
b) No sooner had we got the harvest in than it started raining.

6. She insured the painting….
a) She had only just insured the painting when it was stolen.
b) No sooner had she insured the painting than it was stolen.

7. I sold my house……
a) I had only just sold my house when it collapsed.
b) No sooner had I sold my house than it collapsed.

Composition (Page 114) Paragraph writing
1. Happiness
Happiness
It is difﬁcult to deﬁne what happiness is. In general sense, happiness it just the state of our mind when we are satisﬁed. So, mental satisfaction is happiness. Every person in the world wants to be happy but he /she couldn’t get it. Some people think that money and power give us happiness, but it is not so. Self satisfaction is happiness. In Mahabharata, It is said that we become happy when we leave our desire. Our greed and our desire make us unsatisﬁed what we have because we need more money and other property, then we become sad. It really depends on you. You choose to be happy because happiness never comes to a person. You see, a person (a man or woman or people) has the ability to choose. Maybe Happiness is a virtue. It is a feeling. It is a perspective. Happiness is not a permanent state, and no matter what we get, we will always swing between happiness and sadness. Just look at the miserable rich people out there. In terms of income, it has been shown that once we have a roof over our heads and food on the table, increasing amounts of money cannot buy more happiness.

2. Jealousy

Jealousy
Jealousy is unhappy and angry feeling at other’s progress. If we think we couldn’t do what a next person does, we become angry with his progress that is jealousy. For example when the mother gives delicious food to a small baby it makes the old child jealous. Sometime we become jealous even at out friend’s progress. It is a human nature to be jealous. But it shouldn’t be destructive. We should take it as for the encouragement of our own progress. If we only burn at the other’s progress, we could do nothing in our life and it would be harmful to us. For example when a boy is walking with another girl, his girlfriend becomes jealous. In ﬁlms and plays we see that they become take revenge due to jealousy. If we become much jealous, it will ruin our life.

Unit : 12
Comparison
12.3 Comparing Prices.
Rules;
⇨Sub + comparative + than + obj.
➣A is as +adj+ as +B.
➪B is not + as +adj + as +A.

➸To show more than: twice/two times, three times.
➭ To show less than : about, a little, a bit.

1. Tinned Peas: 25 p frozen peas: 48 p
- Frozen peas are nearly twice as expensive as tinned peas.
-Frozen peas cost about twice as much as tinned peas.
-Tinned peas cost about a half the price of frozen peas.

2. Cotton sheets: £14 silk sheets: £150
-Cotton sheets are about an eleventh as expensive as silk sheets. - -Silk sheets cost about eleven times as much as cotton sheets. -Cotton sheets are about an eleventh the price of silk sheets

3. Olive oil: £2 corn oil: £99p
-Olive oil is about twice as expensive as corn oil.
-Olive oil costs about twice as much as corn oil.
-Corn oil is about half of the price of olive oil.

4. Leather gloves: £8 woolen gloves: £2.75
-Leather gloves are three times as expensive as woolen gloves. -- -Leather gloves cost about three times as much as woolen gloves. -Woolen gloves are about a third the price of leather gloves.

5. Color TV: £310 black & white TV: £60
-Color TV is about ﬁve times as expensive as black& white TV. -Color TV costs about three times as much as black & white TV. - - -Black & white TV is about one ﬁfth the price of colour TV. 12.4

Measuring Other Differences.

Write the other nouns in the table.

Expensive ➭ price
Deep ➭ depth

High/tall ➭ height

Wide ➪ width
Thick ➱ thickness
Long ➮ length
Heavy ➮ weight
Fast ➮ speed

12.6. Now change these sentences below into comparative sentences using: a) than b) as….as

1. The exam is not usually very difﬁcult, but this year it was quite toug
a) The exam was tougher this year than it usually is.
b) This year the exam wasn’t as easy as it usually is.

2. I had imagined my landlady would be in her ﬁfties, but she turned out to be thirty.
a) My landlady is younger than I had imagined her to be.
b) My landlady isn’t as old as I have imagined her to be.

3. His parents would like him to work hard, but he doesn’t
a) His parents would like him to work harder than he does.
b) He doesn’t work as hard as his parents would like him to do.

4. The washing machine makes a lot of noise, although it used to be fairly quiet.
a) The washing machine is nosier than it used to be.
b) The washing machine isn’t as quiet as it used to be.

5. You said I would enjoy the ﬁlm, but in fact I didn’t like it much a) I enjoy the ﬁlm less than you said I would do.
b) I didn’t enjoy the ﬁlm as much as you said I would do.

6. I had hoped to do quite a lot of work today, but I have only managed to do a little.
a) I have done less work today than I had hoped to do.
b) I haven’t done as much work today as I have hoped to do.

7. They could have helped me a lot, but in fact they hardly helped me at all.
a) They helped me far less than they could have done.
b) They didn’t help me as much as they could have done.

8.I hadn’t expected her to be very angry, but in fact she was absolutely furious.
a) She was much more furious than I had expected her to be.
b) She wasn’t as quiet as I had expected her to be.

9. Fifty people had been invited, but eighty came.
a) Far more people came than we had invited.
b) People didn’t come as few as we had invited. Writing ( Page: 121)

Q. A friend has written to you, saying he/she is on a strict diet and is eating very little, but that he/she is still putting on weight. Write a reply, explaining what he or she is doing wrong and giving some good advice.
Bhuwachide;
Mushicoat municipality Date:2075/08/19
Dear Nabina,

I got your letter yesterday. I got to know your problem of putting of weight. You had written that you were on a strict diet and eating little.
I think you have done something wrong in it. You perhaps don’t know how to lose your weight. At ﬁrst you shouldn’t eat that food which contains fat and calories. You should reduce eating carbohydrate, meat and other oily food. The best way to reduce weight is to do physical exercise and yoga. Yoga would give you relief by making your body attractive and healthy. You can do jogging and you can go to the yoga center. If you try this for a month you surely lose your weight. I hope you will surely follow my suggestion. I hope I will get your reply soon. Yours friend Arun panthi

Composition (page: 123)
Q. Write a review for a newspaper of a recent ﬁlm, play or book.
Munamadan: A historical Film of Nepal

I’ve recently watch the ﬁlm ‘Munamadan’. It is a Nepali ﬁlm. I’ve watched it in a computer through CD. This ﬁlm really represents the picture of Nepalese youths who goes to the foreign countries leaving their family. Laxmi Prasad Devkota wrote the book Munamadan as a song, later the story is converted into a ﬁlm. It is a historical and realistic ﬁlm of Nepal. It is a tragedy, based on Nepal's most famous epic poem. Madan, a lower-class worker, is forced by poverty and mounting debts to go to Lhasa, Tibet, leaving behind his lonely mother and beloved wife, Muna. However, tragedy befalls him on the way home.
In this ﬁlm, Madan, a poor Nepalese youth goes to Lhasa to earn some money leaving his dearest wife Muna and his very old mother at his house. He earned money there. When he was coming to his house, he became sick on the way. But his friends left him alone there. A bhote meets min at night and took him to his house. He makes Madan healthy and he comes back to his house. At that time his mother and his wife were already dead in his memory. The ﬁlm ends with the pathetic scene. It touches everybody’s heart.
In this ﬁlm, Deepak Tripathi is in the role of Madan and Usha Paudel is in the role of Muna. This ﬁlm was directed by Gynendra Bdr. Deuja.This ﬁlm has presented the typical Nepali theme of poverty and family love. The plot, dialogue and setting of the ﬁlm are realistic. The songs are so heart touching and the decoration, costumes and dresses are all traditional one. I like to request all to watch this ﬁlm at once because it teaches us about ourselves.

Unit: 13
13.1 When …
Q. Join the following remarks using when. Rules:
1. [When + you + V1 + Obj] , [you have to + V1 + obj] 2. [When you have +V3 + obj] , [you + V1 + Obj]
1. arrive/border -show/passport
⇨When you arrive at the border, you have to show your passport. ➱ When you have shown your passport, you can go ahead.
2. water/boil - pour/teapot
➱ When you boil the water, you have to pour it into the teapot. ➱When you have poured it into the teapot, you put some sugar in it.
3. turn off/light - change/bulb
➱When you turn off the light, you have to change the bulb. ➯When you have changed the bulb, you turn on the light.
4. turn on/gas - light/gas
➱When you turn on the gas, you have to light the gas.
➱When you have lit the gas, you can cook your food.
5. meet/stranger - shake/hands
➱When you meet the stranger, you have to shake hands.
➱ When you have shook hands, you introduce yourself.
6. eat/meal - pay/bill
➱When you eat meal, you have to pay the bill.
➱When you have paid the bill, you come out from the hotel

13.2 Emphasizing the Right Order
We should put the work before which we have to do ﬁrst. If the work is in wrong order we should replace it.
Rules: 1. you should + ﬁrst work + before +you second work.
2. You shouldn’t + second work + until + you have + V3 second work.
3. Otherwise + reason (sub + might +V1 +obj)
1. wind the film on/close the camer a
➭ You should close the camer a before you wind the film on.
➭ You shouldn’t wind the film on until y ou have closed the camera.
➭ Otherwise the film might be damage d.

2. wind the film on /tak e a picture
- You should wind the film on befor e you take a picture
- you should tak e a picture until you have wound the film on.
-Otherwise you might ruin the pictur e.
3. read the label/wash a blouse
- You should read the label befor e you wash a blouse.
- You shouldn’t wash a blouse, until y ou have read the label.
- Otherwise you might damage it.
4. turn off the mains/change the fuse
- You should turn off the mains befor e you change the fuse.
- You shouldn’t change the fuse until y ou have turned off the main.
- Otherwise you might get an electric shock .
5. pay the bill/check it
- You should check the bill befor e you pay it.
- You shouldn’t pay the bill until y ou have paid it.
- Otherwise you might pay more.
6. bandage a wound/ clean it
- You should clean a wound befor e you bandage it.
- You shouldn’t bandage a wound unti l you have cleaned it.
- Otherwise you might get an inf ection.
7. listen the weather for ecast/go sailing.
- You should listen the weather for ecast, before you go siling.
- You shouldn’t go sailing until y ou have listened the weather for ecast.
- Otherwise you might get weight.
8. Buy your girlfriend a ring/ask her t o marry you
-You should ask your girlfriend to marry you before you buy her ring.
-You shouldn’t buy your girlfriend a ring until y ou have asked her to marry you
- Otherwise it might be useless .

13.4. Natural Process
All the verbs describe the changes of s tate. Which of them ar e used for talking about:
1.Changes in size➭ expand, contract, shrink, stretch, swell
2. Solids become melt, dissolv e
3. Liquids become solids? ➭➭ = set, freeze, congeal
4. Liquids become gas? ➭ = evaporate
5. gases become liquid/ ➭ =condense
Expand,
contract,
shrink,
stretch,
swell, melt,
dissolve,
set,
freeze,
congeal,
evaporate,
condense
What happens when y ou……..
1. Put a lump of ice in glass of lemonade.
It melts.
2. leave a pullover in a hot water
It shrinks
3. leave liquid cement on the gr ound.
It sets
4. leave a bowl of water outside in the sun.
It evaporates
5. leave a bowl of water outsides the south pole.
It freezes
6. leave a bowl of hot water in fr ont of a mirror.
It condenses
7. put some lump of sugar in y our coffee.
It dissolves
8.blow into a balloon.
It expands
9. pour cold water ont o hot metal.
It contracts
10. leave rice in a bowl of water
It swells
11. fill a bowl with blood and lea ve it.
It congeals.
Composition (page 133)
Q. You are studying at a language school. W rite a letter to a friend telling him/her what it is lik e.
Bhrikutinagar
Nepalgunj
Date: 10/01/2012
Dear Nisha,
I got your kind letter yesterday and I became extremely happy knowing about your computer
institute where you are studying. I’m going to write you about a language institute where I am learning
English language.
I think this Oasis Language Institute is the best institute of Nepalgunj. Only the experienced
language instructors are there to teach us. They always tell us not to feel any hesitation to speak English
whether it could be mistake while speaking. If we feel hesitation, we couldn’t speak it. They also focus on
practice rather than the theory of English language. They use audio and visual teaching materials to
teach us. Sometimes we have to talk with the tourists who come there. Sometimes the foreigners also
take classes. Group discussion is basically focused to learn language. There is a good environment of
learning English. I have been learning it for three months. I think I am improving my language than the
past. I think I will be fluent in English with in six months. If you like to learn English, I’d like you to
recommend this institute. I hope I will g et your reply soon.
Yours lovely friend

Preeti

Unit: 14
14.1 Practice
Q. Change the sentences below , using sure to, certain to, bound to, likely to and unlikely to:
Rules:
1. I’m sure = Sure to
2. Will certainly, will definitely = bound to /certain to
3. Will/will probably/ I I expect + will = lik ely to
4. probably won’t/ won’t, /I doubt if = unlik ely to
Structure:
Sub +is/am/ar e + (sure to/certain to/bound to/likely to/unlikely to) +V1 +Obj.
1. The price of br ead will definitely go up within a few weeks.
The price of br ead is bound t o go up within a few weeks.
2. There will probably be mor e fighting in the capital.
There is likely to be more fighting in the capital.
3. He probably won’t arrive.
He is unlikely to arrive.
4. I expect ther e’ll be lots of people at the meeting.
There is likely to be lots of people at the meeting.
5. I doubt if the miners will go on strik e.
The miners ar e unlikely to go on strike.
6. There probably won’t much snow thi s winter.
There is unlikely to be much snow this winter.
7. There will definitely be a f ew tickets left.
There are certainly to be few tickets left.
8. I doubt if the y will move this summe r.
They are unlikely to move this summer.
9. I’m sure a new chairman will be app ointed soon.
A new chairman is sur e to be appointed soon.
10. The government probably won’t make the wearing of seat belts compulsor y.
The government is unlik ely to make the wearing of seat belts compulsor y.
11. In ten years’ time everyone will have a digital watch.
In ten years time everyone is likely to have a digital watch.
12. By the end of the centur y, cars will probably be obsolete.
By the ten years’ time, cars ar e likely to be obsolete.
14.2 Precaution
1. Do you think I should r eserve a table?
A: Do you think I should r eserve a table?
B: Yes, you should- the r estaurant is likely to be full.
C: There is no point in – ther e are unlikely to be many people ther e.
2. I suppose I could tr y to get a bank loan.
A: I suppose I could tr y to get a bank loan.
B: Yes, you could – you are likely to start a new business.
C: There is no point in – y ou are very unlikely to get a bank loan
3. I was thinking of inviting her out t o dinner.
A: I was thinking of inviting her out t o dinner
B: Yes, you should – she is sur e to accept it.

C: There is no point in – she is unlik ely to accept your invitation.
4. Shall we tak e sandwiches?
A: Shall we tak e sandwiches?
B: Yes, you should – you are unlikely to get other things t o eat.
C: There is no point in – ther e are likely to be many other things.
5. Do you think I should apply?
A: Do you think I should apply?
B: Yes, you should – you are sure to get the job.
C: There is no point – ther e are likely to be hundreds of applicant.
6. Do you think I should buy some spar e batteries?
A: Do you think I should buy some spar e batteries?
B: Yes, you should – you are likely to walk in the dark.
C: There is no point – these batteries ar e unlikely to be finished.
7. May be I should get some malaria ta blets before I go.
A: May be I should get some malaria ta blets before I go.
B: Yes, you should – ther e are likely to many mosquit os.
C: There is no point – ther e are likely to be many hospitals.

14.3 Horoscope
Q. Write the names of 12 z odiacs.
1. Aries
2. Taurus
3. Gemini
4. Cancer

5. Leo

6. Virgo
7. Libra
8. Scorpio
9. Sagittarius
10. Capricorn
11. Aquarius
12. Pisce
Coose two of the zodiac signs below and write similar horoscope.

ARIES

Mar 21 - Apr 20
There are times when developments and progress are in full swing, but there are days together when life seems to be stagnant; when nothing significant seems to be happening. This is one of those phase that will test your patience. Especially for professionals and businessmen, this period may prove to be highly challenging. The reason: Moon’s connection with Saturn and Ketu, and the two malefic patrolling the 10th House. However, Mercury shuffles in the cosmos and moves through the 9th House, in the company of Jupiter and Sun. This position seems highly supportive of better times ahead. Singles are likely to fall for an acquaintance or a family friend. Filmy though it may sound, you may visit him/her for one reason or the other to see/meet her/him. There are high chances of parents agreeing to your choice, giving consent for marriage.

ARIES
मार्च 21 - अप्रिल 20

त्यहाँ कहिलेकाहीँ घटनाक्रमहरू र प्रगति पूर्ण झन्झटमा हुन्छन्, तर जीवन स्थिर रहन्छ जब दिनहरू सँगसँगै हुन्छन्। जब केहि पनि महत्त्वपूर्ण लागेन। यो ती चरण हो कि तपाईको धैर्यता परीक्षण गर्नेछ। विशेष गरी पेशेवर र व्यवसायीहरूको लागि यो अवधि अत्यन्त चुनौतीपूर्ण साबित हुन सक्छ। कारण: शनि र क्याटूको साथमा चाँदको सम्बन्ध, र दुई मानेफिक 10 औं सभामा गइरहेको छ। तथापि, बुध को ब्रह्मांड मा शफल गर्दछ र 9थ हाउस को माध्यम ले बृहस्पति र सूर्य मा छ। यो पदले अझ राम्रो समय अगाडी समर्थनको लागी देखिन्छ। सम्भावना एक परिचित वा एक परिवार मित्र को लागी गिरिनेछ। फिलमी यद्यपि यो हुन सक्छ, तपाईले उहाँलाई भेट्न एक कारण वा अन्यलाई हेर्न / उहाँलाई भेट्न / भेट्न सक्नुहुनेछ। आमाबाबुको उच्च सम्भावनाहरू तपाईंको छनौटमा सहमत छन्, विवाहको लागि सहमति दिने।

Taurus

Apr 21 - May 21

Good things take time, but there are. times when we lose patience and start doubting our own efforts. You may encounter something similar this week. You may want to review your strategies and look for loopholes that may not be allowing desired results. Businessmen – refrain from taking-up new projects or going on a trip to rope in new customers as this phase may not provide you fruitful results. Also, a glitch/adversity/lack of motivation may affect your output. On the relationship front, your frank opinion may be considered as arrogance, which may hurt a dear one. Watch your words and tone before you speak, because it can, eventually cost you a relationship, says Ganesha. Be polite and show compassion towards the concerned person to reinstate harmony in the relationship. Health-wise, diabetics need to be careful and take care of their food habits. Fluctuation in blood sugar levels can have dire consequences – undergo a regular check-up.

वृषभ
अप्रिल 21 - मई 21
राम्रो चीजहरू समय लाग्छन्, तर त्यहाँ छन्। कहिलेकाहीं हामी धैर्यता गुमाउछौं र हाम्रो आफ्नै प्रयासमा शंका गर्न थालें। तपाइँ यस हप्ताको यस्तै कुराको सामना गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ। तपाईं आफ्नो रणनीतिहरू समीक्षा गर्न र लुफोलीहरूको खोजी गर्न चाहानुहुन्छ जुन वांछित परिणामहरू अनुमति नहुन सक्छ। व्यवसायीहरू - नयाँ-नयाँ योजनाहरूबाट निकास वा नयाँ ग्राहकहरूमा रस्सी गर्न यात्रामा जाँदा यस चरणले तपाईंलाई फलदायी परिणामहरू प्रदान नगर्न सक्छ। साथै, एक ग्लिच / विपत्ति / प्रेरणा को कमी तपाईंको आउटपुट असर गर्न सक्छ। सम्बन्ध अगाडि, तपाईंको फ्रान्की राय अहंकारको रूपमा विचार गर्न सकिन्छ, जसले एक प्रिय चोट पुर्याउँछ। Ganesha भन्छन्, जब तपाईं बोल्न अघि आफ्नो शब्दहरू र टोन हेर्नुहोस्, यसले अन्ततः तपाईलाई एक सम्बन्धको मूल्य लिन सक्छ। धैर्य हुनुहोस् र रिश्तेमा सद्भाव पुनर्स्थापित गर्न सम्बन्धित व्यक्तिलाई दया देखाउनुहोस्। स्वास्थ्य-बुद्धि, मधुमेह सावधान रहनु र तिनीहरूको खाना बानीहरूको ख्याल राख्नु आवश्यक छ। रक्त शर्कराको स्तरमा अस्थिरताले गम्भीर परिणाम हुन सक्छ - नियमित चेक-अप बाट गुज्र्

Unit: 15

Ex:15.2
Writing

Choose two of the headlines, and write the story ofeach.

1. Airport collision: 20 killed

Kathmandu, Dec.5:

There has been a serious accident at the Tribhivan International Airport, in which at least six people have lost their live. It has

been learnt that the collision occurred early this moning when an oil tanker in an attempt to get away from the run way of a plane that was preparing take off, rammed into a passenger van. The collision killed six passengers on the spot and injured many others. Rescue operations have been going on. The accident caused a delay in the departure of a few domestic flights.

2. Peace talks break down

Kathmandu, Dec. 5:
        The peace talks between PLO leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli PM have broken down and Tel Aviv has announced that their earlier plans to evacuate Arab settlers from Southern Palestine stand unchanged The decision to go ahead with the evacuation plans was announced by a
government spokesman at Tel Aviv earlier this afternoon when the two leaders could not make any headway. As the news about the peace talks
break down spread around, violence broke out in south Jerusalem. An Israeli policeman has reportedly been to death. Meanwhile, Washington has criticized both the leaders for their failure to resolve their differences.

3.Roman treasure discovered in field

Kathmandu, Jan 1:
    Roman treasure belonging to 15 century BC. Has been discovered in a field five hundred miles to the south of Rome. It happened yesterday morning when a farm worker was ploughing his field and a stone slab was uncovered accidentally. An expert from the museum in Rome was called in and he identified the fragments as precious things of the long past. Later a team of archaeologists was sent there for further examination and identification. The investigation established what it was a hidden treasure worth trillons of pounds. Experts have anticipated further treasure hidden underneath .

4.Actor arrested innight club brawl

Kathmandu, Jan 2:
Film actor Kadar Khan has been arrested in a night club brawl, It happened late last night in Hotel Taj Malhal, Bombay when some photographers tried to photograph him dancing in a highly intoxicated condition with a girl. Khan reportedly snatched the cameras, abused the photographers and then kicked some of them. Meanwhile the All India Journalists' Association has criticized Khan for his behaviour and warned him that unless he expressed unconditional apology, they will take the
matter to the court.

5.Residents evacuated alter earthquake
Kathmandu, Jan 2:
All the residents of several villages in the worst hit areas of China have been evacuated after the earthquake. The evacuation operation started this morning when seismologists forecast Some more
tremors during the next few days.

6. Search for missingyacht Melissa' continues
Kathmandu, Jan 2:
    A team of detectives have been continuing the search for the missing yacht Melissa', which was caught in the sea storm some fifty miles to the west of Bombay in the Arabian sea four days ago. The yacht is said to be manned by three British tourists who surprisingly ventured out on a cloudy day without any guide. The detectives have reportedly bee unable to make any breakthrough .It is widely believed that now there is itle chance ofdiscovering the ill-fated yacht.

15.5 Hearsay
Rules:
1. We should avoid the following wor ds from each sentence:
Apparently
People say
They say that
I am told that
I have heard that.
2. We have to use is/am/ar e after each subject.
3. We should put Supposed t o in each sentence after the subject.
4. We should use V1 after supposed t o as: is = be
Are = be
Am = be
V5 = V1
Has = have
V2 = have + V3
Was = have been
Were = have been
Had = have had

5. We have to put object as it is giv en
Q. Change the following remarks using supposed to.

Structure: [Sub + is/am/ar e + supposed t o + V1 + object.]
1. Apparently elephants ha ve very long memories.
Elephants are supposed to have very long memories
2. People say it is unlucky t o walk under a ladder.
It is supposed t o be unlucky to walk under a ladder .
3. They say there is a monster in Loch Ness.
There is supposed t o be a monster in L och Ness.
4. Apparently Marilyn Monr oe was insomniac.
Marilyn Monroe is supposed t o have been insomniac.
5. I am told that garlic st ops you catching cold.
Garlic is supposed t o stop you catching cold.
6. Apparently Venice is slowly sinking int o the sea.
Venice is supposed to be slowly sinking int o the sea.
7. I’m told that he was a lorr y driver at one time.
He is supposed t o have been a lorr y driver at one time.
8. They say Methuselah liv ed for more than 300 years.
Methuselah is supposed t o have lived for more than 300 years.
9. I have heard that student gr ants are going up next y ear.
Student grants are supposed to be going up next y ear.
10. People say she was born on boar d a ship.
She is supposed t o have been born on boar d a ship.
11. They say the universe is expanding all the time.
The universe is supposed t o be expanding all the time.
Practice:
Q. Answer threes questions using supp osed to, apparently, I hear, I’m told, people say, they say.
1. Do you know if Alsatians mak e good pets?
Alsatians are supposed to make good pets.
2. What does it f eel like to be hypnotiz ed?
I hear it feels great to be hypnotiz ed.
3. I am thinking of going t o see (name of film). Do y ou know what it is lik e?
People say The Bodyguard is a boring film.
4. I wonder what is happening in (name of countr y in the news)?
I hear that people ar e dying in Japan.
5. What do you think (famous person) is like as a person?
People say he was a far-sighted leader .
6. I wonder what it ’s like to actually live in Hollywood?
They say it is expensiv e to live in Hollywood.
7. Do you know anything about lif e in Ancient Greece?
Life in Ancient Gr eece is supposed t o have been interesting.
15.6 Passive reporting verbs
Rule: it is +V3 + that + sentence.
1. Some people r eport that the American Government is worried about the situation.
It is reported that the American Government is worried about the situation

2. Sources estimate that mor e than 100 people ha ve died in the past two da ys.
It is estimated that mor e than 100 peop le have died in the past two da ys.
3. Everyone knows that the r ebels’ weapons came acr oss the border by road.
It is known that the r ebels’ weapons ca me across the border by road.
4. A lot of people belie ve that the President is about t o resign.

It is believed that the Pr esident is abou t to resign.

5. People say that the rebels are winning.
It is said that the r ebels are winning.
6. Some sour ces allege that both sides have tortured prisoners.

It is alleged that both sides ha ve tortured prisoners.

4 Responses so far.

Unknown says:

13 December 2018 at 17:59

Thank u help us sir
Nepal says:

24 December 2018 at 10:01

Thank you sir to help us to solve this problems.
unknowm says:

24 December 2018 at 10:43

गुरु को सहयोगको लागि धन्धबाद
Unknown says:

2 January 2019 at 17:02

Thank you sir to help us 😍😘😚😘😍😍

MU Engineers